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English Language > Phonology > Flashcards

Phonology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Phonology?

A

The study of sound system in the language and the effects of its particular features.

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2
Q

What is accent?

A

Language pronunciation variations.

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3
Q

What is dialect?

A

Grammatical and lexical variations (the words you use).

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4
Q

What is idiolect?

A

An individual’s way of speaking/using language.

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5
Q

What is sociolect?

A

Language associated with a social group which might be said to have their own distinctive styles of language.

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6
Q

What can form a sociolect?

A
  • status
  • education
  • age
  • occupation
  • hobby
  • gender
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7
Q

What factors influence accent/dialect?

A
  • gender - stylistic (identity)
  • regional - ethnic
  • social class - age
  • occupation - sexuality
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8
Q

What is standard English?

A

Accepted as the ‘correct’ form of English. It is local to nowhere and is used as a world language.

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9
Q

When is SE used?

A

Standard English is used in formal speaking or writing and is used by most official organisations for communication.

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10
Q

What is received pronunciation?

A

A prestige form of English pronunciation seen as the correct way of speaking. It is regionally non-specific.

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11
Q

What is Overt prestige?

A

Related to standard and ‘formal’ language features, and express power and status.

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12
Q

What is Covert prestige?

A

Related to more vernacular and non-standard forms and expresses solidarity, community and group identity.

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13
Q

What is prescriptivism?

A

An attitude to language that suggests some forms of language are more valuable than other. SE is the only correct way to use language.

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14
Q

What is descriptivism?

A

An attitude to language that describes what is there without judgement.

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15
Q

What is a sociolect?

A

A variety of language that is characteristic of the social background or status of the user.

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16
Q

What factors influence sociolect?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Occupation
17
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Smallest unit of sound in a language (the 26 letters of the alphabet). When a phoneme is joined with another phoneme, a new sound is created e.g. th, ing, ph

18
Q

What does monosyllabic mean?

A

A word consisting of one syllable e.g. trick

19
Q

What does polysyllabic mean?

A

A word consisting of more than one syllable e.g. trickery

20
Q

What is phonetic spelling?

A

A system of spelling where each letter represents the same spoken sound, e.g c-a-t, b-a-t, p-i-g

21
Q

When is phonetic spelling often used?

A
  • in advertising phonetic spelling can be creative e.g. kwik fit
  • in texting e.g. u, r, tho
22
Q

What is prosody?

A

Non-word aspects of speech, e.g. tone, intonation and stress are known as prosodic/suprasegmental features

23
Q

What is onomatopoeia?

A

When the sound of a word echoes its meaning e.g. splash

24
Q

What is alliteration?

A

When two or more words begin with the same sound e.g. crisp, crunchy cornflakes

25
Q

When is alliteration often used and why?

A

Newspaper headlines and advertising as it helps make a phrase catchy and memorable

26
Q

What is assonance?

A

When the vowel sounds in the middle of two or more words are similar e.g. kwik fit.

27
Q

What is dissonance?

A

When vowel sounds clash e.g. fIErce, thrOAted, bEAuty, cAcOphOny

28
Q

What is rhyme?

A

When words have similar endings

29
Q

What is elision?

A

When you drop a letter e.g. I am –> I’m

30
Q

What is Giles’ Accommodation Theory?

A

Claims we accommodate (i.e. change) our speech to suit the context and the way we speak to others. Upwards/downwards convergence/divergence

31
Q

What is mutual convergence?

A

Accents meet in the middle

32
Q

What is upwards convergence?

A

Those with regional accents become closer to received pronunciation

33
Q

What is downwards convergence?

A

Those who use RP/SE become closer to regional

34
Q

What is mutual divergence?

A

When both move away from each other

35
Q

What is upwards divergence?

A

When the RP speaker strengthens their accent to put extra distance between them and the other speaker

36
Q

What is downwards divergence?

A

When the regional speaker strengthens their accent to show solidarity.

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