Phonology Flashcards
Phonetics
The study of speech sounds in isolation
Phonology
The study of how speech sounds function in a context (syllable, word, sentence, language)
Phonemes
smallest unit of speech sounds that can change a meaning
p/d/pat/etc
44 unique phonemes, arising from 26 letters used singly and combined. Substituting phonemes changes meaning
mall-ball-hall
Phonetics
how individual speech sounds are produced and perceived
Phonology
study the ways individual sounds are used to create larger units of meaning
Phonological Rules
Ways sounds change depending on how and where they occur in speech
grapheme
how to represent a phoneme using individual letters or groups of letters
Digraph
two letters
tt in better
onset
phoneme or sound that occurs at the beginning of a syllable. Only consonants. if syllable begins with vowel sound, then no onset.
rime
vowel and any consonants that follow the onset. Every syllable has a rime, but not always an onset
and- no onset, only rime.
bat- /b/ onset /at/ rime
Digraph
two or more letters that produce a unique phoneme
/ch/
diphthong
combinations of two or more vowels in a single syllable …usually results in unpredictable sound.
consonant cluster
two or more consonants combine to form a single sound
/wr/ wreck
Improving Pronunciation skills
Use audio recordings to allow students to repeat a word after a native speaker and then replay the recording. Singing and choral reading, expose to modeled speech at appropriate level of phonetic complexity give opportunity to practice
Prosidic featuers of language
differences in sound that can affect meaning pitch and (tone and intonation) and stress
pitch
a difference in the frequency of the vibration of the vocal cords (low and high)
tone
when you use pitch to distinguish between words
intonation
if the pitch rises or falls over the course of a sentence
English uses this to distinguish between statement and question
stress
difference in force applied to an element of speech
changing stress in a part of the word can change the meaning (con-VERT or CON-vert) or the sentence My SWEATER or MY sweater
segmental
discrete identifiable speech segment that contributes sound ina sequential pattern (phonemes, syllables, diphthongs, blends)
suprasegmental or Prosody
when phonetic properties are spread over a broad range of speech segments …not inherent
phonetic inference
when a speaker’s L1 phonetics interfere with their learning of L2 phonetics.
Get around this by introducing a term in speech before in writing
