Phonological Processes McLeod & McCormack (2015)

Question 1

Gliding of liquids

Answer 1

Liquids are substituted with glides.

Age of elimination: 5;0

Question 2

Fricative simplification

Answer 2

Interdental consonants are substituted with labial consonants.

Age of elimination:

5;0–6;0 years: /ð/

7;0 years: /θ/

(James, 2001)

Question 3

Weak Syllable Deletion

Answer 3

Deletion of the weak syllable in polysyllabic words.

Age of elimination 3;6 - 4;0

Question 4

What are the main differences between CAS and an inconsistent SSD?

Answer 4

Children with CAS present with groping movements, vowel errors, and a small phonetic inventory.

Question 5

Define phonological impairment:

Answer 5

Phonological impairment: a cognitive-linguistic difficulty with learning the phonological system of a language. Phonological impairment is characterized by pattern-based speech errors.

Question 6

Define childhood dysarthria:

Answer 6

Childhood dysarthria: a motor speech disorder involving difficulty with the sensorimotor control processes involved in the production of speech, typically motor programming and execution (van der Merwe, 2009).

Question 7

Define articulation impairment:

Answer 7

Articulation impairment: a motor speech difficulty involving the physical production (i.e., articulation) of specific speech sounds. It is characterized by speech sounds errors typically only involving the distortion of sibilants and/or rhotics (typically /s, z, ɹ, ɝ/). (This definition is narrower than some historical uses of the term.)

Question 8

Metathesis

Answer 8

Two consonants are transposed within a word.

Age of elimination: May be used infrequently until 5;0

(James, 2001)

Question 9

Cluster reduction

Answer 9

Deletion of a consonant element in a consonant cluster - usuallay the marked (later developing) consonant(s). For two-elemend clusters, one consonant is omitted. In three-element cluster, one or two consonatns may be omitted.

Eliminated by 3;6 - 4

Question 10

Define childhood apraxia of speech:

Answer 10

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS): a motor speech disorder involving difficulty planning and programming movement sequences, resulting in errors in speech sound production and prosody (ASHA, 2007b).

Question 11

Stopping /f/, /s/, /v/, /z/

Answer 11

Fricatives or affricates are substituted with plosives at the same place of articulation.

3;0 - 3;6

Question 12

Epenthesis

Answer 12

Addition of a syllable in the middle of a consonant cluster.

Age of elimination: May be used infrequently until 6;0

(James, 2001)

Question 13

What are some risk factors for developing a SSD?

Answer 13

• male
• significant history and/or ongoing hearing difficulties
• reactive temperament
• being a younger sibling
• structural and genetic conditions

Question 14

Fronting

Answer 14

Consonants made towards the back of the mouth (e.g. /k/ and /ʃ/) are substituated with sounds made further forwards in the mouth (e.g. /t/ and /s/)

Eliminated by 3;0 - 3;6

Question 15

What are the 5 categories of speech sound disorders?

Answer 15

1. Phonological impairment
2. Inconsistent speech disorder
3. Articulation impairment
4. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
5. Childhood dysarthria

Question 16

Assimilation

Answer 16

Eliminated by 3

Question 17

Define inconsistent speech sound disorder:

Answer 17

Inconsistent speech disorder: a phonological assembly difficulty (i.e., difficulty selecting and sequencing phonemes for words) without accompanying oro- motor difficulties (Dodd, 2013, 2014). Inconsistent speech disorder is characterized by inconsistent productions of the same lexical item (word).

Question 18

Stopping

/ʃ/

/ʧ/

/ʤ/

Answer 18

Fricative or affricates are substituted with plosives at the same place of articulation.

Age of elimination: 5;0

Question 19

Reduplication

Answer 19

Repetition of all or part of one of the syllables in di- and polysyllabic words; the repetition can be complete or partial (change to the consonant but not the vowel)

Eliminated by 2;0 - 2;6 years

Question 20

Context Sensitive Voicing

Answer 20

Voiceless sounds are substituted with voiced sounds in different contexts

Eliminated by 3;0

Question 21

Final Consonant Deletion

Answer 21

Deletion of a consonant in word-final position.

Eliminated by 3;0 - 3;3

Question 22

What are the 5 categories of speech sound disorders?

Answer 22

1. Phonological impairment
2. Inconsistent speech disorder
3. Articulation impairment
4. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
5. Childhood dysarthria

Question 23

Cluster simplification

Answer 23

One or more elements of a consonant cluster are substituted with a simpler consonant.

Eliminated by 3;6 - 4;0

Question 24

Deaffrication

Answer 24

Affricates are substituted with fricatives.

Eliminated by 5;5

(Dodd et al, 2003).

Question 25

Stopping

/ð/ and /θ/

Answer 25

Eliminated by 4-4;6

Question 26

List the ages of elimination in order:

Answer 26

• 2-2;6 Reduplication
• 3Assimilation, context sensitive voicing
• 3-3;3 Final(ly) consonant deletion
• 3-3;6 Stopping Fronting
• 3;6-4 2 Weak Clusters (cluster simplification, cluster reduction, Weak syllable deletion)
• 4-4;6 Stop /th/
• 5Stop /sh, dg, ch/, gliding
• 5;5 (Decaf) Deaffrication
• 6-7 (Fricken simple) Fricative simplification /ð/5-6 and /θ/7