Phonological Processes McLeod & McCormack (2015) Flashcards
Phonological Processes and their ages of elimination. Based off information in McLeod & McCormack's "Introduction to Speech, Language and Literacy", 2015
Gliding of liquids
Liquids are substituted with glides.
Age of elimination: 5;0
Fricative simplification
Interdental consonants are substituted with labial consonants.
Age of elimination:
5;0–6;0 years: /ð/
7;0 years: /θ/
(James, 2001)
Weak Syllable Deletion
Deletion of the weak syllable in polysyllabic words.
Age of elimination 3;6 - 4;0
What are the main differences between CAS and an inconsistent SSD?
Children with CAS present with groping movements, vowel errors, and a small phonetic inventory.
Define phonological impairment:
Phonological impairment: a cognitive-linguistic difficulty with learning the phonological system of a language. Phonological impairment is characterized by pattern-based speech errors.
Define childhood dysarthria:
Childhood dysarthria: a motor speech disorder involving difficulty with the sensorimotor control processes involved in the production of speech, typically motor programming and execution (van der Merwe, 2009).
Define articulation impairment:
Articulation impairment: a motor speech difficulty involving the physical production (i.e., articulation) of specific speech sounds. It is characterized by speech sounds errors typically only involving the distortion of sibilants and/or rhotics (typically /s, z, ɹ, ɝ/). (This definition is narrower than some historical uses of the term.)
Metathesis
Two consonants are transposed within a word.
Age of elimination: May be used infrequently until 5;0
(James, 2001)
Cluster reduction
Deletion of a consonant element in a consonant cluster - usuallay the marked (later developing) consonant(s). For two-elemend clusters, one consonant is omitted. In three-element cluster, one or two consonatns may be omitted.
Eliminated by 3;6 - 4
Define childhood apraxia of speech:
Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS): a motor speech disorder involving difficulty planning and programming movement sequences, resulting in errors in speech sound production and prosody (ASHA, 2007b).
Stopping /f/, /s/, /v/, /z/
Fricatives or affricates are substituted with plosives at the same place of articulation.
3;0 - 3;6
Epenthesis
Addition of a syllable in the middle of a consonant cluster.
Age of elimination: May be used infrequently until 6;0
(James, 2001)
What are some risk factors for developing a SSD?
- male
- significant history and/or ongoing hearing difficulties
- reactive temperament
- being a younger sibling
- structural and genetic conditions
Fronting
Consonants made towards the back of the mouth (e.g. /k/ and /ʃ/) are substituated with sounds made further forwards in the mouth (e.g. /t/ and /s/)
Eliminated by 3;0 - 3;6
What are the 5 categories of speech sound disorders?
- Phonological impairment
- Inconsistent speech disorder
- Articulation impairment
- Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
- Childhood dysarthria
Stopping
/ʃ/
/ʧ/
/ʤ/
Fricative or affricates are substituted with plosives at the same place of articulation.
Age of elimination: 5;0
Reduplication
Repetition of all or part of one of the syllables in di- and polysyllabic words; the repetition can be complete or partial (change to the consonant but not the vowel)
Eliminated by 2;0 - 2;6 years
Context Sensitive Voicing
Voiceless sounds are substituted with voiced sounds in different contexts
Eliminated by 3;0
Final Consonant Deletion
Deletion of a consonant in word-final position.
Eliminated by 3;0 - 3;3
Cluster simplification
One or more elements of a consonant cluster are substituted with a simpler consonant.
Eliminated by 3;6 - 4;0
Deaffrication
Affricates are substituted with fricatives.
Eliminated by 5;5
(Dodd et al, 2003).
