Phonological Processes/Age of Disappearance

Question 1

Final consonant devoicing

Answer 1

(e.g., /jop/ for job)

Age 3

Question 2

Final consonant deletion

Answer 2

(e.g., /ka/ for cup)

Age 4

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

Age 3

Question 4

Prevocalic Voicing

Answer 4

Voicing of initial voiceless consonant in a word (e.g., /gup/ for cup)
Age 3

Question 5

Unstressed syllable deletion

Answer 5

(e.g., /gedi/ for spaghetti)

Age 4

Question 6

Doubling

Answer 6

Repetition of a word (e.g., /dada/ for dad, /gogo/ for go)

Age 3

Question 7

Stopping of /sh/, /ch/, /juh/, /th/ (v/vl)

Answer 7

Age 5

Question 8

Epenthesis

Answer 8

Insertion of a new phoneme (e.g., buhlu for blue, sthop for soap, cluhler for colour)
Age 8

Question 9

Gliding

Answer 9

Substitution of a glide for a liquid (e.g., /wake/ for lake)

Age 6

Question 10

Consonant assimilation

Answer 10

(Harmony) - Alteration of a consonant phoneme that is influenced by, and becomes more like, a surrounding phoneme (e.g., /beb/ for bed)
Age 3-4

Question 11

Depalatalization

Answer 11

Substituting a nonpalatal for a palatal 
Age 5 (4.6)

Question 12

Reduplication

Answer 12

Repetition of a complete or incomplete syllable:
(e.g., /wawa/ for water)
Age 3

Question 13

Dimunitization

Answer 13

Addition of /i/ or consonant + /i/ (e.g., /legi/ for leg, /hati/ for hat)
Age 3

Question 14

Labialization

Answer 14

Substitution of labial phoneme for one produced with the tongue tip (e.g., /bog/ for /dog/)
Age 6

Question 15

Cluster reduction

Answer 15

Age 4

Question 16

Stopping of /v/ and /z/

Answer 16

Age 4

Question 17

Denasalization

Answer 17

Substitution of a homoorganic stop (similar place of artic) for a nasal phoneme (e.g., /do/ for /no/)
Age 3 (2.6)

Question 18

Alveolarization

Answer 18

Age 5

Question 19

Fronting

Answer 19

Substitution of a more anteriorly produced phoneme
(e.g., /su/ for shoe)
Age 4

Question 20

Deaffrication

Answer 20

Substitution of a fricative for an affricate (e.g., ship for chip)
Age 4

Question 21

Stopping of /f/ and /s/

Answer 21

Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate
(e.g., /toap/ for soap)
Age 3