Phonological Processes

Question 1

Linking /j/

Answer 1

When the word ends in the diphthongs /aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ/ or the pure vowels /i:, ɪ, i/ and is followed by a word beginning with another vowel.
Ex.

Question 2

Linking /w/

Answer 2

When a word ends in the diphthongs /oʊ, əʊ/ or the pure vowels /u:, u, ʊ/ and is followed by a word beginning with another vowel.

Question 3

Linking /r/

Answer 3

It’s used in Non-Rhotic English when there is a written [r] (ordinary spelling) and the following word starts with a vowel.
Ex. Over again /ˈəʊvər əˈgen/

Question 4

Intrusive /r/

Answer 4

It happens when the first word ends with /ɔ:, ɑ:, ə/ or any diphthongs ending in /ə/ and the next word starts with a vowel.
Ex. Asia and Africa /ˈeɪʒər ənd ˈæfrɪkə/

Question 5

Coalescence

Answer 5

Voiced alveolar plosive /d/ + /j/ = dʒ
Ex. Behind you /biˈhaɪndjuː/ → /bˈhaɪndʒuː/
Voiceless alveolar plosive /t/ + /j/ = tʃ
Ex. Shouldn’t you /ˈʃʊdənt juː/ → /ʃʊdəntʃuː/
Voiced alveolar fricative /z/ + /j/ = ʒ
Ex. Does your /dəz jɔː/ → /dəʒɔː/
Voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ + /j/ = ʃ
Ex. In case you /ɪn keɪs juː/ → /ɪn keɪʃuː/

Question 6

Elision of /h/

Answer 6

In weak forms of function words. Exception: not in initial position
Ex. /ɪts hɪz ˈdʒækit/ → /ɪts ɪz ˈdʒækit/

Question 7

Elision of /ə/

Answer 7

When it is preceded by /p, t, k/ in weak syllables.
/pi:pəɫ/ → /pi:pɫ/

Question 8

Elision of /t, d/

Answer 8

In clusters of three plosives or two
plosives plus a fricative, the middle plosive may disappear.
Ex. past tense /pɑːst ‘tens/ → /pɑːs ‘tens/

Question 9

Elision of /v/ of “of”

Answer 9

Before consonants
Ex. /ə kʌp əv tiː/ → /ə kʌp ə tiː/

Question 11

Assimilation of manner

Answer 11

When a sound changes the manner of articulation.

• A final plosive /p, t,l, b, d, g/ becomes a fricative /s, z, f, v, ʃ, ð, θ, h, ʒ/ or a nasal /m, n, ŋ/. (Regressive assimilation
  Ex. good night /gʊd naɪt/ → /gʊn naɪt/
  That side /ðæt saɪd/ → /ðæs saɪd/
  /ð/ becomes the previous sound. (progressive)
  Ex. In the /ɪn ðə/ → /ɪn nə/
  Get them /get ðəm/ → /get təm/

Question 12

Assimilation of voice

Answer 12

The consonant have copied the feature [± voice] of an adjacent sound.
Voiced + voiceless = voiceless (regressive)
Ex. Of course /əv kɔːs/ → əf kɔːs/
Have to /hæv tə/ → /hæf tə/
In plurals or regular past.
Ex. Cats /kæt/ + /z/ → /kæts/

Question 13

Assimilation of place

Answer 13

When a sound change its place of articulation to another place.
When a final alveolar sound /t, d, n, s, z/ is followed by an initial not alveolar (only regressive)
/t/ + bilabial /m, b, p/= /p/
/d/ + bilabial = /b/
/n/ + bilabial = /m/
/t/ + velar /k, g, ŋ/ = /k/
/d/ + velar = /g/
/n/ + velar = /ŋ/
/s/ + /j, ʃ/ = ʃ
/z/ + /j, ʃ/ = ʒ
/t/ + dental /θ, ð/= /t̪/
/d/ + dental = /d̪/
/n/ + dental = /n̪/

Question 15

Elision in the sequence /skt/

Answer 15

has elision of /k/ instead of, or if preceding consonants, in
addition to /t/
Ex. masked gunman /mɑ:skt ‘gʌnman/ → /mɑ:st ‘gʌnman/