Phonological development

Question 1

Vegetive examples

Answer 1

Crying, coughing, burping and sucking

Question 2

Cooing examples

Answer 2

Grunts and sighs, laughter, pitch and volume practised

Question 3

Babbling examples

Answer 3

Reduplicated sounds eg. ba-ba

Question 4

Proto-words examples

Answer 4

Mmm

Question 5

Consonant

Answer 5

A speech sound produced when the vocal tract is blocked or restricted creating audible friction

Question 6

Vowel

Answer 6

A sound made without audible friction

Question 7

Dipthong

Answer 7

Two vowels to make a sound where one is more dominant eg. oi or ew

Question 8

Plosives

Answer 8

Made when airflow is blocked for a brief time eg. B, D; earliest sounds 24 months

Question 9

Fricatives

Answer 9

Made when airflow is only partially blocked eg. TH, F; 36 months

Question 10

Affricatives

Answer 10

Plosives and fricatives together

Question 11

Nasals

Answer 11

Produced by air moving through the nose eg. N, M

Question 12

Laterals

Answer 12

Created by placing tongue on teeth and air moving round sides of mouth eg. L

Question 13

Deletion

Answer 13

Omitting final consonant in words eg. do (g)

Question 14

Substitution

Answer 14

Swapping a harder sound for an easier one eg. d-at for that

Question 15

Addition

Answer 15

Adding of extra vowels to create consonant-vowel repetition eg. doggie

Question 16

Assimilation

Answer 16

Swapping a consonant or vowel for another eg. d and b or gog for dog

Question 17

Reduplication

Answer 17

Repeating whole syllables eg. dada

Question 18

Consonant cluster reductions

Answer 18

Removing a consonant so there’s only one eg. Pider for Spider

Question 19

Deletion of unstressed syllables

Answer 19

Omitting opening syllable in polysyllabic words eg. nana for banana

Question 20

Holophrase

Answer 20

A single word expressing a whole idea

Question 21

Overextension

Answer 21

When the word used to label something is stretched to mean more than normal eg. apple used for all round fruits

Question 22

Underextension

Answer 22

When the word used to label something is reduced in meaning

Question 23

What are Aitchisons’ stages of linguistic development?

Answer 23

1. Labelling- linking words to objects
2. Packaging- Exploring labels and over/underextension
3. Network building- making connections between words eg. opposites

Question 24

Hypernym

Answer 24

A generic word which has more specifics under it eg. fruit

Question 25

Hyponym

Answer 25

A specific word under a hypernym eg. apple under fruit