Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 428 Exam 2 > Phonological Development > Flashcards

Phonological Development Flashcards

1
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound that makes a difference in meaning.

-results in meaning contrast ->(“Bat” vs “Pat”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Allophone

A

Unit of sound that does not make a difference in meaning.

  • do not result in a meaning contrast
  • different sounds that correspond to one phoneme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Feature

A

A single aspect or property of a speech sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Consonants

A 
Constriction in the vocal track. 
-Does not have to be complete. 
   >Complete: e.g., /ptkbdg/
   >Partial: e.g., /szfv/
   >Minimal: e.g., /lrjw/
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vowels

A

No constriction
-(Some consonants have properties of both
>Approximants: /w/,/r/,/y/
>Laterals: /l/ )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Place of articulation

A

The place where the constriction occurs.

-English: Labial, Labiodental, Interdental, Alveolar, Alveo-palatal, Velar, Glottal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Labial

A

Lips

- /p,b,m,w/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Labiodental

A

Lips and teeth

- /f,v/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interdental

A

Tongue and teeth

- /ð θ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Alveolar

A

Tongue and alveolar ridge

- /z s n d t l ɹ/

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alveopalatal

A

Tongue blade and palate

  • /ʒ ʃ dʒ tʃ y/
  • [check printed images]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Velar

A

Tongue and velum

-/k g ŋ /

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Manner

A

The way or “manner” in which the constriction is made.

- English: stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, approximant and lateral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stop

A

Complete constriction

- Flap/tap is a type of stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fricative

A

partial constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Affricate

A

Combination of stop and fricative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nasal

A

complete constriction in oral tract but sound passes through nasal cavity (velum down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Approximant and Lateral

A

Minimal constriction

-Liquids and glides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Voicing

A

Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration
-English:
>Voiced
>Voiceless

20
Q

Front/back feature

A

Front: Tongue body advanced
Back: Tongue body retracted

21
Q

High/low feature

A

High: Tongue is raised toward palate
Low: Tongue body lowered

22
Q

Tense/lax feature

A

Muscular tension

- : e.g., tense: /i/ vs lax: /I/

23
Q

Phonotactics

A

Rules for combinations of phonemes

24
Q

Phonological rules

A

Rules governing how phonemes are mapped onto allophones

25
Q

Phonological rules example

A

Example (English):
–Regular past tense form is /d/, but different
allophonic forms are used in different words
–roamed: voiced [d]
–dripped: voiceless [t]
•The rule:
– [d] after a voiced phoneme
– [t] after an unvoiced phoneme
•Unless final phoneme of base word is /t/ or /d/
–then “-ed” /əd/; carded, parted

26
Q

Wug Task

A 
Children know some phonological rules by age 4.
- Wug task (Berko, 1958):
Children are shown two
nonsense objects and
asked to give the plural
form. By age 4 years, they
reliably produce the right
allophone
27
Q

Expansion stage

A

Variety of consonants and vowel sounds

Developing control over production

28
Q

Marginal babbling

A

End of expansion stage. Longer more complex series of sounds

29
Q

Canonical or reduplicated babbling

A

Syllables, repeated syllables (mama, dada)

30
Q

non-reduplicated or variegated babbling

A

Series of different syllables. Prosody (intonation contour) more pronounced.

31
Q

Jargon

A

Sequences of non-reduplicated syllables with intonation contour

32
Q

Babbling drift

A

Around 6 months, sounds show influence of target language.

-Sources: acoustic analyses and adults’ perception

33
Q

Proto-words

A

Idiosyncratic sequences of sounds

34
Q

Word recognition

A

Mapping acoustic-phonetic information in the speech waveform onto representations of sounds of words in the mental lexicon

35
Q

Phonological idioms

A

Example of holistic representation. Cannot produce the same speech sounds in other words.

36
Q

Stop (sound substitution)

A

Replacing fricative/affricate with stop. Place and voicing do not change.
- Church>turt; Shoes>Toot; Sing>Ting

37
Q

Fronting (sound substitution)

A

Replace back consonant with front consonant. Manner and voicing do not change.
- Thumb>Fumb; Ship>Sip

38
Q

Gliding

A

Replace a liquid (/l,r/) with glide (/j,w/).

-Lion>Yion; Rabbit>Wabbit

39
Q

Deletions

A

Final consonant deletion: DOG>DAH

Unstressed syllable deletion: giRAFFE>Raffe

40
Q

Reduplication

A

Repetition of syllalble

- Bottle>BaBa

41
Q

Cluster simplification

A

Blanket>Banket; Bring>Bing

42
Q

Phonological processes

A

Strategies for producing first words.
>Avoid new words with difficult sounds
>Modify new words to make them fit into a
template

43
Q

Intonation babies

A

Produce larger intonational “sentences” at the expense of adult-like segments.

44
Q

Word babies

A

Focus more on individual sounds in shorter utterances.

45
Q

Phonological awareness

A

Ability to think about and reflect on the speech sounds.

> Evidence: Rhymes/alliterations, counting syllables

PSY 428 Exam 2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions