Phonetics rules Flashcards
/s/ is pronounced in the begin of words starting with:
”s”
Short-words that start with /s/ are:
this, thus, us
In the nouns use, exchase and in the adjectives loose, close we use…
/s/
After a voiceless sound in gramamatical ends we use (plural cups, and genitive Kate’s)
/s/
We use /z/ when spelling
“z” (prize)
The short-words: as, is, has, was, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, does these, those, use…
/z/
In the verbs use, excuse, lose, close, we use…
/z/
After a voiced sound in plurals (jobs) and the genitive (Lad’s) we use…
/z/
After /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/ we use…
/iz/
-sure (leisure, measure, pleasure)
/ʒ/
-sual (casual, usual, visual)
/ʒ/
-sion (precision, decision, conclusion)
/ʒ/
-ge (garage, massage)
/dʒ/, /ʒ/
-ssure (pressure)
/ʃ/
consonante+sure (censure)
/ʃ/
-tion (mission)
/ʃ/
consonant+-sion (mansion)
/ʃ/
-scious (conscious)
/ʃ/
-cious (precious)
/ʃ/
clear /l/ in RP is used…
In front of vowels and /j/
AE uses dark /l/
in all positions
Linking is when you…
speaks words together, as if they are one. (avoid hiatus)
linking /r/ example:
Far away vs fa(r)
intrusive /r/ is when…
you add /r/ that DOES NOT EXIST before vowel sounds to avoid hiatus
Victoria (r) and Albert museum
If the sound following an article is a vowel we use… (articles)
/an/, /ði/
if the sound following an article is a consonant we use… (articles)
/a/, /ðɚ/
Assimilation is when…
consonant sounds that are next to each other become more similar. It can be progresive or regressive.
Regressive assimilation is when…
You change the previous sound type to match the next (ex: bat man).
Alveolar consonants (t, d, n) take the place of articulation of ths sound that follows, becoming bilabial before /p, b, m/, velar before /g, k/
Progressive assimilation is when…
You change the next sound type to match the previous one (ex: what is /iz/ becomes what’s /s/)
elision
Word-final /t, d/ before a consonant, are often dropped in rapid specially. Especially common in unstressed syllables and monosyllabic words. exemple: /neks dei/
function words are normally…
unstressed
content words are normally…
stressed
Function words are normally pronounced as (strong or weak form)
weak form
Function words carry stress when (2 options):
They appear last in a clause
You want to emphasise them
words with 2 or 3 syllables are often stressed…
In the first syllable (‘animal, ‘elegant, ‘indicate)
long words (four or more syllables) are often stressed…
Antepenultime rule: stress on third syllable from end.
Ca’tastrophy, a’nalysis, inter’mediate
VERBS with prefix are stressed on…
On the first syllable AFTER the prefix.
to in’sult, to re’cord, to ob’ject
NOUNS with prefix are stressed on…
The prefix itself.
an ‘insult, a ‘record, an ‘object
Words with ROMANCE suffixes are stressed..
word final stress.
Tange’rine, Roma’nesque, refe’ree
‘ic(s) and i/e + vowel sound with consonant are stresssed on…
the syllable before the suffix.
sta’tistics, ener’getic, ma’terial, fa’miliar
-ry, and -ny words are stressed…
on the fourth syllable form the end:
vo’cabulary, ‘matrimony
Secondary stress normally appears…
two syllables before the main stress.
Double stress occurs in…
(6 items)
- numerals (‘four’teen)
- adjectival compounds (‘absent’minded, ‘good-‘looking)
- first element of words that describe location (‘up’stairs, ‘week’ends)
- place name, but not streets (‘Hyde ‘Park)
- Nationality words in -ese (‘Japa’nese)
- “made of” compounds (‘clay’pot, ‘gold ‘chain)
Difference between those two exemples is that…
‘English teacher
‘English ‘teacher
first is a compound (someone who teaches English)
Declarative sentences carry rising or falling tone?
Falling.
NB: if you use rising tone in statements you sound uncertain, as if you are asking a question
WH-questions carry rising or falling tone?
Falling.
NB: if you use rising tone you may sound overly interested and impolite.
Normal exclamations carry rising or falling tone?
Falling tone.
Normal commands such as “Don’t play with your food” carry rising or falling tone?
Falling tone.
NB: you can use rising tone to sound polite or inviting.
Tag questions asking for confirmation and making comments like “that wouldn’t help, would it?) carry rising or falling tone?
Falling tone.
NB: used when being ironic.
A sincere “thank you” carry rising or falling tone?
Falling tone.
NB: raising tone means a routine thanks.
Normal yes/no questions carry rising or falling tone?
Rising tone.
NB: A falling tone in offers is impolite and uninterested.
Enumarations and questions with alternatives carry rising or falling tone?
Raising, except the last one, which is a rising tone: Do you prefer maths /, physics /, history /, or PE ↘︎?
Adverbials clauses precending a main cluse such as “just as I was leaving, ….” carry rising or falling tone?
Falling. Main clause carries rising.
Tag questions asking for information carry rising or falling tone?
Rising tone.
NB: A falling tone indicates disappointment.
“Please” at the end to indicate politeness carry rising or falling tone?
Raising tone.
NB: Falling tone is rude, demanding.
