Phonetics review Flashcards
bilabial consonant
are made by bringing both lips closer together: [p], [b], [m], [w], [w̥]
labiodental consonants
are made with the lower lip against the upper front teeth: [f], [v]
interdental consonants
are made with the tip of the tongue protruding between the front teeth: [θ], [ð]
alveolar consonants
are made with the tongue tip at or near the alveolar ridge: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [ɹ]
post-alveolar consonants
are made right at the front of the hard palate, just behind the alveolar ridge: [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ]
palatal consonants
are made with the tongue near the center of the hard portion of the roof of the mouth (the hard palate): [j]
velar consonants
are produced at the soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate - the velum: [k], [g], [ŋ]
glottal consonants
are produced at the larynx [h], [ʔ]
voiced sounds
sounds made with the vocal folds vibrating: [b], [m], [w], [v], [ð], [d], [z], [n], [l], [ɹ], [ʒ], [dʒ], [j], [g], [ŋ]
voiceless sounds
sounds made without the vocal folds vibrating: [p], [w̥], [f], [θ], [t], [s], [ʃ], [tʃ], [k], [ʔ], [h]
stop consonants
sounds made by obstructing the airstream completely in the oral cavity: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [ʔ]
fricative consonants
sounds made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h]
affricative consonants
sounds made by briefly stopping the airstream completely and then releasing the articulators slightly so that frication noise is produced: [tʃ], [dʒ]
nasal consonants
sounds produced by lowering the velum and this opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract: [m], [n], [ŋ]
liquid consonants
involve a substantial constriction of the vocal tract, but the constructions for liquids are not narrow enough to block the vocal tract: [l], [ɹ]
glide consonants
sounds made with only a slight closure of the articulators, so that the if the vocal tract were any more open, the result would be a vowel sound: [w̥], [w], [j]
[p]
voiceless, bilabial, and stop
[b]
voiced, bilabial, and stop
[t]
voiceless, alveolar, and stop
[d]
voiced, alveolar, and stop
[k]
voiceless, velar, and stop
[g]
voiced, velar, and stop
[ʔ]
voiceless, glottal, and stop
[f]
voiceless, labio-dental, and fricative
[v]
voiced, labio-dental, and fricative
[θ]
voiceless, inter-dental, and fricative
[ð]
voiced, inter-dental, and fricative
[s]
voiceless, alveolar, and fricative
[z]
voiced, alveolar, and fricative
[ʃ]
voiceless, post-alveolar, and fricative
[ʒ]
voiced, post-alveolar, and fricative
[h]
voiceless, glottal, and fricative
[tʃ]
voiceless, post-alveolar, and affricate
[dʒ]
voiced, post-alveolar, and affricate
[m]
voiced, bilabial, and nasal
[n]
voiced, alveolar, and nasal
[ŋ]
voiced, velar, and nasal
[l]
voiced, alveolar, and lateral liquid
[ɹ]
voiced, alveolar, and retroflex liquid
[w̥]
voiceless, bilabial, and glide
[w]
voiced, bilabial, and glide
[j]
voiced, palatal, and glide
place of articulation
where in the vocal tract a constriction is made (where the vocal tract is made narrower)
manner of articulation
how the airstream is modified by the vocal tract to produce the sound
ways to describe vowels
height, tongue advancement, lip rounding, and tenseness
ways to describe consonants
state of glottis, place of articulation, and manner of articulation
characteristics of the segments (individual sounds)
place and manner of articulation and voicing for consonants; tongue height and advancement, lip rounding, and tenseness for vowels
low vowels
pronounced with the jaw quite open - lowering the tongue body away from the roof of the mouth: [æ], [ɑ]
high vowels
pronounced with the tongue body away close to the roof of the mouth: [i], [ɪ], [u], [ʊ]
rounded vowels
lips are rounded: [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ]
mid vowels
produced with an intermediate tongue height: [e], [ɛ], [ə], [ʌ], [o], [ɔ]
back vowels
is made by raising the body of the tongue in the back of the mouthm toward the velum: [u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ], [ɑ]
front vowels
the body of the tongue is raised and pushed forward so it is just under the hard palate: [i], [ɪ], [ɛ], [æ]
unrounded vowels
lips are unrounded: [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɑ]
central vowels
require neither advancement nor retraction of the tongue: [ə], [ʌ]
lax vowels
have less extreme positions of the tongue or the lips than vowels that are tense: [ɪ], [ɛ], [æ], [ə], [ʌ], [ʊ], [ɔ], [ɑ]
tense vowels
have more extreme positions of the tongue or the lips than vowels that are lax: [i], [e], [u], [o]
nasalized vowels
the velum is lowered and the nasal passage closes
[i]
high, front, unrounded, tense
[ɪ]
high, front, unrounded, lax
[e]
mid, front, unrounded, tense
[ɛ]
mid, front, unrounded, lax
[æ]
low, front, unrounded, lax
[ə]
mid, central, unrounded, lax
[ʌ]
mid, central, unrounded, lax
[u]
high, back, rounded, tense
[ʊ]
high, back, rounded, lax
[o]
mid, back, rounded, tense
[ɔ]
mid, back, rounded, lax
[ɑ]
low, back, unrounded, lax
