Phonetics Quiz # review Flashcards
Stops
Obstruents made with complete stoppage of the airflow through the vocal tract.
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
Fricatives
Obstruents that result from a partial blockage of the breath stream, thus causing turbulence or friction during their production.
/f/ /v/ /0/ /6/ /s/ /z/ /S/ /3/ & /h/
Affricates
When the sound begins as a stop and is released as a fricative.
/tS/ & /d3/
Nasals
Sonorants made with nasals, as opposed to oral, resonance. The passageway into the nasal cavity is opened by lowering the soft palate (velum), thus producing /m/ /n/ /ng/
Approximates
gjgjgj
Stridents
Made by directing the airflow against a surface, such as the back of the upper teeth, so that considerable friction is produced. /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /S/, /3/, /tS/, and /d3/
Sibilants
Are a subset of stridents often refered to as the “hissing/hushing” sounds. Characterized by relatively high frequency noise. /s/, /z/, /S/, /3/, /tS/ and /d3/
Laterals
Produced with “lateral” airflow around one or both sides of the tongue. Several important variant forms (allophones) for this sonorant exist. The /l/ is called a lateral approximant
Liquids
This is a generic term for the American English /l/ and /r/ sounds. These sonorants are produced so that little or no friction occurs
Glides
Consonants that provide a rapid transition, usually to a following vowel, hence, an onglide. Offglides are transition from a preceding vowel. Onglides - /w/ and /j/.
Vocalic/Non-Vocalic (JFH)
Vocalic sounds are produced with an oral cavity that is not constricted any more than is necessary for the high vowel /i/ and /u/ or the liquids /l/ and /r/ and with the vocal folds adducted (together) for spontaneous voicing. The glides, nasals, and obstruents (stops, fricatives, and affricates) are non-vocalic. The vowels, and typically the liquid consonants, are vocalic
Consonantal/Non-Consonantal (JFH)
The absence of obstruction in the midline region of the vocal tract. Although Chomsky and Halle consider /h/, /w/, and /j/ to be non-consonantal, IPA tradition is to treat these sounds as consonantal.
Sonorant/Obstruent
Made with a relatively open vocal tract that facilitates voicing and resonation. Sounds formed with more radical vocal tract closures than required by the glides, nasals, and liquids are obstruent (or - sonorants). The vowels, glides, nasals, and liquids are sonorant (+ sonorant). Most of the consonants are obstruent.
Rhotic/Non-Rhotic
Vowels with r-coloring, specifically /3”/ and /e”/ (er), in General American dialect are rhotic. Although not a feature suggested by Chomsky and Halle (1968), the rhoticized vowels are a phonetic reality and should be represented in a discussion of the distinctive features for American English vowels.
Advanced/Non-Advanced
Produced with a forward positioning of the tongue that is in free variation with a more retracted tongue placement. Although this not a feature suggested bu Chomsky and Halle (1968), it is useful for specifying the diphthongs /ai/ and /au/ frequently produced with /a/, an advanced (slightly fronted) form of /a/
Front/Non-Front
Vowels withs made anterior to the central plane are considered as front. /^/ and /ee/. Front vowel front, back vowels back, central vowels are non-front or non-back
Coronal/Non-Coronal (JFH used Acute/Grave)
When the blade of the tongue is raised from its neutral position, the sound is coronal. Dental, alveolar, and alveopalatal consonants are coronal.
Anterior/Non-Anterior (JFH used Compact/Diffuse)
When consonants are formed with an obstruction , they are anterior. The alveopalatal /S/ is just behind the boundary between anterior anterior and non-anterior sounds. Labials, dentals, and alveolars are anterior; alveopalatals, velars, and glottalized sounds are non-anterior
High/Non-High
Made by Raising the body of the tongue above the neutral position required for /ee/
Low/Non-Low
Made by lowering the body of the tongue. (Midvowels such as /e/ and /o/ are non-high and non-low)
Back/Non-Back
Produced by moving the tongue back from the position required for /ee/ The vowel /u/ is back but /i/ is non-back
Rounded/Non-Rounded (JFH used Flat/Plain)
Made by pursing the lips; non-rounded sounds made without narrowing and protrusion of the lips.
Distributed/Non-Distributed
Produced with a constriction that extends for a relatively long distance along the direction of airflow through the vocal tract. /tS/ and /d3/ are distributed and /t/ and /d/ are not
Nasal/Non-nasal (JFH)
Made by lowering the soft palate (the velum), thus coupling mouth cavity resonance with nasal cavity resonance. /ng/ nasal; /g/ non-nasal.
Lateral/Non-Lateral
Made by lowering the midsection of the tongue on one or both sides while keeping the front of the tongue on the upper alveolar ridge
Continuant/Stop (JFH)
Made with incomplete constriction so that the airflow is not blocked. Stop sounds are produced with a vocal tract obstruction that completely blocks the flow of air through the mouth /p/ has the feature Stop; /f/ is continunant
Tense/Lax (JFH)
Made with considerable muscular contraction in the root of the tongue. Lax are produced with reduced muscular tension. Unstressed central vowels…
Voiced/Voiceless (JFH)
Produced with vibrations of the vocal folds are voiced; Produced with glottal opening wide enough to prevent vibration are voiceless. Many of the consonants are organized into pairs (cognates), one being voiced and the other voiceless such as /b/ and /p/
Strident/Non-Strident (JFH)
Strident sounds are consonants characterized by considerable noise. The labiodentals and sibilants (including the affricates) are strident.
