Phonetics/Phonolopgy

Question 1

In phonology, rule ordering refers to the fact that

Answer 1

if two phonological rules apply to a single word, sometimes the order in which they are applied makes a difference in the pronunciation of the word.

Question 2

The symbol /ʔ/ is known as

Answer 2

a glottal stop.

Question 3

A phonological rule where one sound takes on the features of (becomes similar to) one or more sounds that are next to it is

Answer 3

nasal assimilation

Question 4

The /t/ sounds in the words better and bet are pronounced differently because English has the phonological rule of

Answer 4

flapping

Question 5

When a native English speaker pronounces the word top, typically there will be a large puff of air that comes out with the /t/. This is an example of

Answer 5

aspiration

Question 6

The /n/ sounds in the words uncooperative, unimportant, and unpopular are sometimes pronounced differently because of

Answer 6

nasal assimilation

Question 7

The vowels in the words sad and Sam are typically pronounced differently. This is due to

Answer 7

vowel nasalization

Question 8

The vowels in the words peas and piece are pronounced differently because of

Answer 8

vowel lengthening

Question 9

The words latter and ladder are typically pronounced exactly the same. This is because of the process of

Answer 9

flapping

Question 10

The fact that the /p/ sounds in the words pin and spin are actually pronounced quite differently is an example of

Answer 10

aspiration

Question 11

phonology

Answer 11

the study of the sound system of language: the rules that govern pronunciation

Question 12

segments

Answer 12

the psychological series of discrete units that make up speech.

Question 13

in English, a single segment can be represented by a variety of spellings. (T or F)

Answer 13

True

Question 14

What do we use as a whole to produce speech?

Answer 14

the vocal tract

Question 15

distinctive features

Answer 15

the smaller units that segments are are made of (ex. like labial)

Question 16

phonological rules

Answer 16

the patterns of variation between levels of representation

Question 17

pronunication governed by a set of rules, AKA

Answer 17

phonology

Question 18

what happens in order to pronounce consonants?

Answer 18

airflow is obstructed in some way by the mouth or throat.

Question 19

what makes vowel sounds?

Answer 19

unrestricted airflow through changing shapes of the mouth

Question 20

what determines if a sound is voiced or voiceless?

Answer 20

whether or not the vocal cords / glottis vibrates

Question 21

phonemes

Answer 21

psychological units of sound pronunciation; phonological rules

Question 22

bilabial

Answer 22

2 lips come together to make /p/ and /b/ sounds.

Question 23

labiodental

Answer 23

lower lips and upper teeth come together to make /f/ and /v/ sounds

Question 24

interdental

Answer 24

constriction ‘between’ ‘teeth’; between tongue and upper teeth to pronounce the two th sounds

Question 25

alveolar

Answer 25

constriction between tongue and alveolar ridge to produce /t, d, s, z, n, and l/ sounds

Question 26

palatal

Answer 26

constriction between tongue and palate to make /r/ and /y/ sounds and many other sounds

Question 27

velar

Answer 27

constriction is between the tongue and the velum to pronounce /k/, /g/, "ng" (duh GUH)

Question 28

glottal

Answer 28

constriction happens at the space between the vocal chords (/h/)

Question 29

stops

Answer 29

two articulators (lips, tongue, teeth, etc) are brought together such that the flow of air in the oral cavity is stopped completely (/p, b, d, k, t, g/)

Question 30

fricatives

Answer 30

two articulators are partially brought together to *impede* the flow of air, creating FRICtion. (/f, v, "th", s, z, s, z, h/)

Question 31

affricates

Answer 31

articulations corresponding to affricates are those that begin with complete stops in the vocal tract and end like fricatives (with a narrow opening in the vocal tract) (produces "j" and "ch")

Question 32

nasals

Answer 32

airflow through the mouth is completely blocked but the velum is lowered, forcing air through the nose. (/m, n, "ng"/)

Question 33

liquids

Answer 33

all /l/ and /r/ articulations

Question 34

glides

Answer 34

all /w/ and /y/ articulations, vocal tract is constricted, but not enough to impede airflow.

Question 35

which articulations are halfway between vowel and consonant?

Answer 35

liquids and glides

Question 36

sonorants

Answer 36

nasals, liquids, and glides

Question 37

obstruents

Answer 37

stops, fricatives, affricates

Question 38

modern phonology

Answer 38

emphasis more on the psychological systems that underlie sound production more than the physical articulation of speech.

Question 39

distinctive features of vowels

Answer 39

tongue height, frontness, lip rounding, and tenseness

Question 40

levels of representation

Answer 40

idea developed to account for the linguistical paradox that two segments may be at the same time both the same and different.

Question 41

allophones

Answer 41

variations of phonemes, pronunciation varies based on place in a word (phonemes, in contrast, may mostly correspond to the alphabet and are what are most likely to be recognized by native speakers)

Question 42

alveolar flap

Answer 42

the tongue is quickly raised to alveolar ridge and released