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Introduction To Linguistics > Phonetics & Phonology > Flashcards

Phonetics & Phonology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest unit in a language that distinguishes meaning.

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2
Q

What is a minimal pair?

A

Words that differ in just ONE SOUND in SAME POSITION

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3
Q

Are the following words minimal pairs?
A) «sale» and «sail»
B) «dough» and «do»

A

A) no (it’s a homophone)
B) yes

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4
Q

What is the place of articulation for /d/

A

Alveolar

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5
Q

What is the manner of articulation for /v/?

A

Fricative

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6
Q

What are the distinctive features for consonants?

A

Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Voice (Voiced/Voiceless)

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7
Q

Name all voiceless consonants:

A

/p/. /t/. /k/. /f/. /θ/. /s/. /ʃ/. /ʧ/. /h/

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8
Q

Name all labiodental consonants and an example word for each consonant

A

/f/ (e.g. fun, face, firmament)
/v/ (e.g. vase, vain, vogue)

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9
Q

Name all dental consonants and an example word for each consonant

A

/θ/ (e.g. thin, think, thick → sharp th)
/ð/ (e.g. then, there, this → soft th)

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10
Q

Name all glottal consonants and an example word for each consonant

A

/h/ (e.g. height, hello, help)

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11
Q

What is the place and manner of articulation for the phonem /h/? Is it voiced or voiceless?

A

Glottal, fricative, voiceless

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12
Q

What is the place and manner of articulation for the phonem /dʒ/? Is it voiced or voiceless?

A

Postalveolar, affricate and voiced

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13
Q

Name the consonants fitting these descriptions:
Plosive, velar, voiceless
Lateral, alveolar, voiced

A

/k/
/l/

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14
Q

Name all affricate consonants and an example word for each consonant

A

/tʃ/ (e.g. child, chair, cheese → sharp ch sound)
/dʒ/ (e.g. bridge, judge, touch → softer ch sound)

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15
Q

Name all lateral consonants plus example word

A

/l/ (e.g. light, lie, long)

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16
Q

Name all palatal consonants plus example word

A

/j/ (e.g. yes, yellow, yard, young)

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17
Q

What is the difference between manner of articulation and place of articulation?

A

Manner describes where the airstream is obstructed and place how the airstream is modified by three vocal tract

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18
Q

Which three distinctive features are necessary to describe and classify English monophthongs?

A

Openness of mouth, Position of the tongue, Length/Duration/Quantity

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19
Q

Which of the following words contains an open front vowel?
A) bet
B) bat
C) but
D) bot

A

B)

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20
Q

What are the two rules for the occurrence of the allophone: clear l

A

Before vowel, before /j/

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21
Q

What are the two rules for the occurrence of the allophone: dark l

A

Before consonant, at the end of a word

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22
Q

What are allophones?

A

Different realisations of one phonem.

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23
Q

Which allophone of the phoneme /l/ can you find in the following words and why:
A) sell
B) look
C) build
D) million

A

A) dark l (end of word)
B) clear l (before vowel)
C) dark l (before consonant)
D) clear l (before /j/)

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24
Q

What is meant by phonological conditioning in the context of allophones?

A

Predictability of allophones → rules

25
Q

What is meant by complementary distribution in the context of allophones?

A

Where one is, the other can’t be.

26
Q

Which distinctive feature do the consonants /k/ and /ŋ/ have in common?

A

Both are velar.

27
Q

Name the 5 long monophthongs and an example word

A

/iː/ seed
/ɜː/ bird
/uː/ food
/ɔː/ law
/ɒː/ father

28
Q

Name the 7 short monophthongs and an example word

A

/ɪ/ sit
/e/ pet
/æ/ sat
/ʌ/ some
/ə/ brother
/ʊ/ foot
/ɒ/ dog

29
Q

Name all approximant consonants together with their place of articulation

A

/w/ bilabial
/r/ postalveolar
/j/ palatal
(All of them are voiced)

30
Q

Are the following words minimal pairs?
A) «sing» and «think»
B) «set» and «pet»

A

A) no
B) yes

31
Q

(Definition) Phonetics/Phonology

A

The central branch of linguistics that focuses on pronunciation/ speech sounds & sound system

32
Q

Please identify the distinctive features of the consonant /r/

A

Voiced, postalveolar, approximant

33
Q

Are those minimal pairs?
A) base and phase
B) spin and spoon

A

A) no (because the <s> in phase is voiced, in base it is voiceless
B) yes</s>

34
Q

Give the phonemic transcription of the vowel in the example word below.
car

A

/ɑː/

35
Q

Give the phonemic transcription of the vowel in the example word below.
boy

A

/ɔɪ/

36
Q

Which consonant is described by the following distinctive features: voiceless, labiodental, fricative

A

/f/

37
Q

Which consonant is described by the following distinctive features: voiceless, bilabial, plosive

A

/p/

38
Q

What is the correct allophone of [l] and rule for distribution: villian

A

Clear l, before vowel

39
Q

Which of the following words contain(s) an open back vowel?
A) fat
B) dog
C) food
D) cheese

A

B

40
Q

Are those minimal pairs?
A) choose - shoes
B) board - bored

A

A) yes, they differ in the sound /tʃ/ and /ʃ/.
B) no, these are homophones

41
Q

Give the phonemic transcription of the vowel in the example word below.
back

A

/æ/

42
Q

Please identify the distinctive features of the following consonant: /θ/

A

Voiceless, dental, fricative

43
Q

Please identify the distinctive features of the following consonant: /dʒ/

A

Voiced, postalveolar, affricate

44
Q

Please identify the distinctive features of the following consonant: /f/

A

Voiceless, fricative, labiodental

45
Q

In connected speech, sounds adapt to neighboring sounds in terms of their articulatory features. This happens for example in the word handbag. In this case, we refer to it as…

A

Assimilation

46
Q

Is “wise - rice” a minimal pair?

A

These words differ in two sounds, /w/ and /r/, /z/ and /s/. Therefore they do not qualify as a minimal pair. The <s> in wise is voiced and thus pronounced as /z/.</s>

47
Q

Give the phonemic transcription of the vowel in the example word below.
time

A

The correct answer is: /aɪ/

48
Q

Name all characteristics for vowels

A

they are articulated without any obstruction of the airstream in the vocal tract, they are harmonic vibrations; they do not contain a noise component, they can be the centre of a syllable

49
Q

Give the phonemic transcription of the vowel in the example word below.
run

A

The correct answer is: /ʌ/

50
Q

Which consonants are described by the following distinctive features:

voiced
velar
nasal

A

/ŋ/ (like in king)

51
Q

Which consonants are described by the following distinctive features:

voiceless
alveolar
fricative

A

/s/

52
Q

Which consonants are described by the following distinctive features:

voiced
alveolar
lateral

A

/l/

53
Q

Which consonants are described by the following distinctive features:

voiceless
postalveolar
fricative

A

/ʃ/

54
Q

Give the phonemic transcription of the vowel in the example word below.
foot

A

/ʊ/

55
Q

Is “hum - thumb” a minimal pair?

A

Yes, The words differ in one phoneme: /h/ and /θ/. The letter <b> at the end of thumb is silent.</b>

56
Q

Please identify the distinctive features of the following consonant: /tʃ/

A

Voicing:
voiceless
Place of articulation:
postalveolar
Manner of articulation:
affricate

57
Q

Which of the following are closing diphthongs

A) /aɪ/
B) /əʊ/
C) /aʊ/
D) /eɪ/
E) /ʊə/
F) /ɔɪ/
G) /eə/
I) /ɪə/

A

A, B, C, D, F

58
Q

Please identify the distinctive features of the following consonant: /k/

A

Voicing:
voiceless
Place of articulation:
velar
Manner of articulation:
plosive

Introduction To Linguistics (7 decks)

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