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Introduction To Linguistics > Morphology & Word Formation > Flashcards

Morphology & Word Formation Flashcards

1
Q

(Definition) Morphology

A

The central branch of linguistics that focuses on how a word is formed/word structure

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2
Q

What is a morphem?

A

The basic building block of language

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3
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest unit in a language that carries meaning

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4
Q

According to which two criteria can morphemes be classified?

A

Free and bound

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5
Q

What is the difference between free and bound morphemes?

A

Free morphemes can stand alone, while bound morphemes can only appear together with other morphemes

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6
Q

How do we classify morphemes according to content?

A

Lexical and grammatical morphemes

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7
Q

What is the difference between lexical and grammatical morphemes?

A

Lexical morphemes carry an independent meaning, while grammatical morphemes express grammatical relations

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8
Q

Identify the morpheme {friend}. What type of word/morpheme is it?

A

Lexical, free
Content word

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9
Q

What is a derivational morpheme?

A

A bound, lexical morpheme that is used to form new words (prefix/suffix)

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10
Q

What is an inflectional morpheme?

A

A bound, grammatical morpheme that is used to form different forms of the same word (plural, comparative, superlative, past forms for example)

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11
Q

Identify the morpheme {-ly} in friendly. What type of word/morpheme is it?

A

Lexical, bound
Derivational morpheme

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12
Q

Identify the morpheme {the}. What type of word/morpheme is it?

A

Grammatical, free
Function Word

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13
Q

Identify the morpheme {-s} in friends. What type of word/morpheme is it?

A

Grammatical, bound
Inflectional morphemes

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14
Q

Identify the morpheme {-ing} in “the building”.
Is every {-ing} the same?

A

It’s a lexical bound morpheme.
{-ing} can be a grammatical bound morpheme if it’s part of a verb, building (from: to build) for example.

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15
Q

Identify the morpheme {ship} in “friendship” and “warship” and explain the difference between them.

A

Both are lexical morphemes, but the {ship} in friendship is bound because it’s used to form an entirely new word, while the {ship} in warship is free because it’s still a ship

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16
Q

What is an allomorph?

A

One of the different realisations of a morpheme

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17
Q

What is the rule for the allomorph /z/ as the plural-s

A

After vowels and voiced consonants, EXCEPT /z ʒ dʒ/
Examples: cows birds

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18
Q

What is the rule for the allomorph /s/ as the plural-s

A

After voiceless consonants, except for /s ʃ ʈʃ/
Example: lights

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19
Q

What is the rule for the allomorph /ɪz/ as the plural -s

A

After /s z ʃ ʒ dʒ ʈʃ/
Examples: roses, judges

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20
Q

What is the rule for the allomorph /d/ as the past-d

A

After vowels and voiced consonants, except for /d/
Examples: played, loved

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21
Q

What is the rule for the allomorph /t/ as the past-d

A

After voiceless consonants, except for /t/
example: talked

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22
Q

What is the rule for the allomorph /ɪd/ as the past-d

A

After /t d/
Example: stranded

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23
Q

Which grammatical functions can an inflectional morpheme have?

A

Plural, past tense, 3rd person singular s

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24
Q

What is phonological conditioning?

A

The sound environment establishes the occurrence of an allomorph, which follows the rules of complementary distributions
Examples: student - students, friend - friends

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25
Q

What is morphological conditioning?

A

The morphological environment establishes the occurrence of an allomorph
E.g. stimulus - stimuli, deer - deer,…

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26
Q

How can morphological conditioning plural formations be realised?

A

Alternative endings (ox - oxen), vowel change (foot - feet) and zero morpheme (fish - fish)

27
Q

Give a definition for “zero-morpheme”

A

Morpheme that does not have a physical allomorph

28
Q

What is a suppletion? Give an example.

A

The appearance of a completely different form in an inflectional paradigm
Go - went - gone
Good - better - best

29
Q

What is a portmanteau morpheme?

A

A morpheme that incorporates two or more merged morphemes

30
Q

New words can come up as… (name 4)

A

Neologisms (Banana-Republic, hoover)
Words borrowed from other languages (kindergarten)
Meaning-Changes (mouse, wallpaper)
Word-part Formation (arrive → arrival)

31
Q

Name all 8 types of Word Formation

A

Affixation/Derivation
Zero-Derivation/Conversion
Compounding
Clipping
Back-formation
Blending
Reduplication
Initialism (acronym/alphabetism)

32
Q

Prefixations and suffixations point towards which word formation?

A

Affixation/Derivation

33
Q

Name the 4 exceptions for Affixations/derivations

A

Slave (N) + {en-} → to enslave (V)
Head (N) + {be-} → to behead (V)
Pig (N) + {-let} → piglet (N)
Child (N) + {-hood} → childhood (N)

34
Q

Define Zero-Derivations/Conversion

A

Change in word class (and meaning) without formal change

35
Q

Give an example for a Zero-Derivation/Conversion

A

To love (V) + {nothingsymbol} = love (N)
Bottle (N) + {nothingsymbol} = to bottle (V)

36
Q

What is a compound? Give an example.

A

Two free lexemes/morpheme are put together
Possible examples: {black}+{bird} for blackbird
{act}+{or}+{manage}+{er} = actor + manager for actormanager

37
Q

How can you define a compound by word class?

A

Is the end result a noun? Then it‘s a noun compound. Is the result a verb, it‘s a verb compound (and so on)

38
Q

What type of compound is „heart-breaking“?

A

It‘s an adjective compound
{heart}N + {breaking}V for heart-breaking

39
Q

How can you define a compound by their semantic relationship?

A
  • Possessive/Exocentric: A + B build an entirely new C
  • Determinative/Endocentric: A is modified by B to build a special kind of B
  • Copulative: Two things are true at the same time
40
Q

How are Possessive Compounds formed? Give two examples.

A

A + B = C
„paperback“ (it‘s neither paper nor a back, it‘s a type of book)
„egghead“ (egg and head have their own meaning but it doesn‘t have anything to do with the end result)

41
Q

How are Determinative Compounds formed? Give two examples.

A

A + B = aB
Washing machine (it‘s not just a machine, it‘s a washing machine)
Tea pot (it‘s a pot specifically for tea)

42
Q

How are Copulative Compounds formed? Give two examples.

A

A + B = AB
Bitter-sweet (bitter and sweet at the same time)
Anglo-American

43
Q

Define Clipping and give an example.

A

Parts of the word (beginning or end) are deleted („clipped“)
Telephone - phone; Refrigerator - fridge, influenza - flu

44
Q

Define back-formation and give an example. How does it differ from a Zero-Derivation/Conversion?

A

A part of word is deleted to create a new word
Sightseeing minus ing = to sightsee
Babysitter(N) minus „-ter“ = to babysit(V)
This differs from a Zero-Derivation/Conversion because there, nothing is added to change the word at all.

45
Q

Define Blend(ing) and give an example.

A

Parts of other words (mostly beginning and end) mix or „blend“ to form a new semantically independent word
Brunch (Breakfast + lunch)
Boatel (Boat + hotel)

46
Q

Define Reduplication and give an example.

A

Repeating the same or very similar constituents
Wishy-washy

47
Q

Define Initialism and their two types and give an example for each.

A

Iniatialism = Initial letters of the original expression
Alphabetism: Individual letters are read out - EN, BMI
Acronym: Letters are pronounced as a word: YOLO, NASA

48
Q

Analyse the compound „time consuming“ as to word class and semantic relation between the constituens

A

Adjective compound (Determinative/Endocentric)

49
Q

What is the definitional difference between the types of word-formation processes of derivation and compounding?

A

Compounds combine free stems while Derivation combines Base + an affix/other lexical bounds

50
Q

(Fill in the blank) With regard of the days of the week, there are many _______ morphemes at the beginning of these words.

A

Blocked/unique/Cranberry

51
Q

True or False: The root/stem is the most basic part of a word where no affixes are attached

A

True

52
Q

What type of morphemes are {-s} and {-ed}?

A

Inflectional morphemes (grammatical bound)

53
Q

What types of morphemes are {-hood} and {dis-}?

A

Derivational morphemes (Lexical bound)

54
Q

Fill in the blank: A morpheme that only occurs in one single word is called _____

A

Blocked/Cranberry Morpheme

55
Q

Fill in the Blank: An undividable morpheme that contains information of more than one morpheme is called ________

A

Portmanteau morpheme

56
Q

Fill in the blank: A morpheme that is not realised phonologically is called _______

A

Zero morpheme

57
Q

If the morpheme {-er} is used to change the word <happy> into <happier> it is (lexical/grammatical/free/bound)</happier></happy>

A

Grammatical bound

58
Q

What type of word formation took place in the word paperback?

A

Compounding

59
Q

What type of word formation took place in the words „disbelief“? What about „quickly“?

A

Disbelief: Prefixation
Quickly: Suffixation

60
Q

Which word formation type can be demonstrated by bicycle - bike?

A

Clipping

61
Q

Which allomorph of the morpheme {-S} is realized in the following verb?
(3rd person singular indicative present tense active)
wants

A

/s/ - rule for distribution: after voiceless consonants except /s, ʃ, tʃ

62
Q

Fill in the blanks: The morpheme {er} in teacher must be classified as a _________ and _________ morpheme. In total, this is also referred to as a _____________ morpheme

A

Lexical, bound morpheme- derivational morpheme

63
Q

Which type of word formation took place in the word „unbound“

A

Prefixation

64
Q

Fill in the blank: The English language is an analytical language. This means that there are only a few ___________ morphemes.

A

Inflectional

Introduction To Linguistics (7 decks)

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