Phonetics + phonology

Question 1

Subtitles

Answer 1

• Speech sound production in vowels + consonants
• Connected speech processes
• Prosodic features
• Phonological patterning
• Accent

Question 2

Speech sound production in consonants

Answer 2

Place, manner (way in which airflow is obstructed), voicing.

Question 3

Connected speech processes

Answer 3

• Assimilation
• Vowel reduction
• Elision
• Insertion

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

Sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound (eg. ‘bitter’ to [bida]).

Question 5

Vowel reduction

Answer 5

Vowels in unstressed situations reduced to ‘schwa’ instead of being elided completely (eg. ‘you’ to ‘ya’).

Question 6

Elision

Answer 6

Omission/deletion of a sound (eg. fish ‘n’ ships, didn’t).

Question 7

Insertion

Answer 7

Addition of sounds where they don’t belong (eg. ‘humbling’ to ‘humbeling’).

Question 8

Prosodic features

Answer 8

• Pitch
• Intonation
• Tempo
• Stress
• Volume

Question 9

Pitch

Answer 9

Auditory height of a sound (high pitch = excitement, happiness, low pitch = serious, authoritative, angry).

Question 10

Stress

Answer 10

Amount of strength used to produce a syllable (changes the meaning/importance of a phrase of sentence).

Question 11

Volume

Answer 11

Loudness (loud = angry/adamant, quiet = soothing).

Question 12

Tempo

Answer 12

Pace of the speech (can indicate deliberation, parenthesis aside, dramatics, etc).

Question 13

Intonation

Answer 13

Pattern of pitch changes + can signal grammatical changes, emotion/attitude (used to distinguish statements/falling from questions/rising).

Question 15

Phonological patterning

Answer 15

Alliteration
Assonance
Consonance
Onomatopoeia
Rhythm
Rhyme

Question 16

Alliteration

Answer 16

Repetition of an initial consonant sound (often in poetry, ads, + news headlines, makes texts more memorable).

Question 17

Assonance

Answer 17

Repetition of identical vowels sounds within words (eg. ‘get’ + ‘better’ share the common ‘e’ sound, ‘hot dog’).

Question 18

Consonance

Answer 18

Repetition of consonant sounds in words (eg. ‘pitter patter’ - tt sound).

Question 19

Onomatopoeia

Answer 19

Word formed by the imitation of a sound/capture the natural sound of something (eg. ‘splash’, ‘rustle’, ‘bang’).

Question 20

Rhythm

Answer 20

Pattern of stressed + unstressed syllables in speech (common in poetry + slang).

Question 21

Rhyme

Answer 21

Repetition of word endings with same/similar vowel/consonant sounds (used in song, poetry, helps children gain pleasure from language, captures attention + helps people remember).

Question 22

Accent

Answer 22

• Phonological features of Australian English
• Broad accent
• General accent
• Cultivated accent

Question 23

Phonological features of Australian English

Answer 23

Non-rhetoric
Variation in yod-dropping
‘Flap’ intervocalic (between vowels)
‘Glotalise’
High rising terminal

Question 24

Non-rhetoric

Answer 24

/ɹ/ that follows vowels (eg. car, mother, darn) aren’t pronounced. /ɹ/ sound is only pronounced if it is followed by a vowel.

Question 25

Variation in yod-dropping

Answer 25

Aus tend not to drop their yods (eg. pronounce /tjun/ not /tun/ or ‘toon’)

Question 26

‘Flap’ intervocalic (between vowels )

Answer 26

/t/ sounds like a /d/ when it occurs between 2 vowels (eg, ‘thirty’ becomes ‘thirdy’, ‘written’ becomes ‘wridden’).

Question 27

‘Glotalise’

Answer 27

Pronounce ‘t’ as a ‘glottal stop’ (eg. butler, flatten).

Question 28

Broad accent

Answer 28

• Stereotypically attached to Australians, strine.
• Broad vowels - longer + more grown out (tongue is lower in mouth).
• Tendency towards elision + assimilation in consonants.

Question 29

General accent

Answer 29

• Majority accent in Australia
• Receives wide approval from all aspects of society.

Question 30

Cultivated accent

Answer 30

• Style patterned on British RP (received pronunciation)
• Used to be associated with prestige + high social class but now is deemed pretentious.