Phonetics Exam 4

Question 1

In the newborn stage, the vocal tract is ____than an adults

Answer 1

3x smaller

Question 2

At 6 months of age babies can recognize ___

Answer 2

phonetic differences for sounds of languages around the world

Question 3

From age 6-12 months of age, babies only notice phonemes of the ____ they are exposed to

Answer 3

language

Question 4

Prelinguistic

Answer 4

0-1 year old

Question 5

Words to speech: first words

Answer 5

1-2 years old

Question 6

Babbling begins around ____months of age

Answer 6

6

Question 7

Canonical babble

Answer 7

emerges first (reduplicated and non-reduplicated)

Question 8

over time the range of sounds increases within and across utterances and may include sounds not part of the L1

Answer 8

Variegated babble

Question 9

Babbling becomes more complex and begins to incorporate prosodic features

Answer 9

jargon

Question 10

What sounds or types of sounds and word shapes are common in early speech?

Answer 10

• words that have repeating syllables
• replacing ‘d’ with ‘g’
• there’s a lot of variation among languages

Question 11

8-16 months of age involves production of what types of sounds?

Answer 11

labials, alveolars, and sometimes glottals

Question 12

From 17-24 months of age there is production of ___sounds like velars

Answer 12

back

Question 13

At 2 years old, ____ include all 3 places of articulation and ____ and ____

Answer 13

consonant inventories, labial, nasals
they typically produce /f/ and /s/

Question 14

The limitations of norms for speech sound mastery are used to identify ages of mastery in a phonological sense and they reflect ___. Children show individual_____

Answer 14

averages, differences

Question 15

Understand generalizations that can be made about consonant acquisition across languages

Answer 15

• there’s a lot of variation across languages
• there are general trends for groups of sounds, not specific ages of acquisition for individual sounds

Question 16

What types of consonants emerge the earliest?

Answer 16

stops, nasals, and glides

Question 17

In the newborn stage, the larynx is

Answer 17

3x higher up causing there to be production of back sounds

Question 18

In the newborn stage, ____ and ____ motor skills require development

Answer 18

fine and gross

Question 19

In the newborn stage, ____ control and ____ architecture require development

Answer 19

respiratory and lung

Question 20

In the newborn stage, hearing abilities are _____

Answer 20

relatively well developed

Question 21

When babies are less than 6 months of age, they can recognize____ for sounds of languages around the world

Answer 21

phonetic differences

Question 22

At age 6-12 months of age babies only notice ___ of the ____ they are exposed to

Answer 22

phonemes, language

Question 23

At 6 months of age, the ____ and ___ control is developed enough for speech production

Answer 23

vocal tract and motor

Question 24

Infants can produce a wide range of sounds during ___

Answer 24

babbling

Question 25

At 6-12 months of age, the ___ and ____control is developed enough to allow production. Infants produce a wide range of sounds by ___.

Answer 25

vocal tract and motor
babbling

Question 26

What type of consonants are produced later on?

Answer 26

fricatives and affricates

Question 27

____(front) sounds are produced before ___ (back) sounds

Answer 27

anterior, posterior

Question 28

The primary tool for assessment

Answer 28

speech samples

Question 29

How do you calculate percentage of consonants correct? (PCC)

Answer 29

of correct consonants
———————————– x 100
# of correct + # of incorrect

Question 30

How well someone can understand the words someone is saying

Answer 30

intelligibility

Question 31

Intelligibility goes up around 25% starting at the age 1

Answer 31

1 yr: 25% intelligible
2 yrs: 50% intelligible
3 yrs: 75% intelligible
4 yrs: 100% intelligible

Question 32

There are 3 ways to evaluate a child’s speech sample

Answer 32

accuracy, inventories, and error patterns

Question 33

Correct or incorrect relative to a target language, you must understand what variety the individual is using and what the target is for that variety.

Answer 33

accuracy (relational analysis)

Question 34

What is the full repertoire of consonants that a child uses?

Answer 34

inventories (independent analysis)

Question 35

What kinds of error or phonological processes apply

Answer 35

error patterns (relational analysis)

Question 36

If you need to know what the target was it’s a ____analysis

Answer 36

relational

Question 37

If you don’t need to know the target it’s an ____ analysis

Answer 37

independent

Question 38

What is an example of single word elicited speech sampling

Answer 38

looking at a picture and they say the word