Phonetics Exam 4 Flashcards
In the newborn stage, the vocal tract is ____than an adults
3x smaller
At 6 months of age babies can recognize ___
phonetic differences for sounds of languages around the world
From age 6-12 months of age, babies only notice phonemes of the ____ they are exposed to
language
Prelinguistic
0-1 year old
Words to speech: first words
1-2 years old
Babbling begins around ____months of age
6
Canonical babble
emerges first (reduplicated and non-reduplicated)
over time the range of sounds increases within and across utterances and may include sounds not part of the L1
Variegated babble
Babbling becomes more complex and begins to incorporate prosodic features
jargon
What sounds or types of sounds and word shapes are common in early speech?
- words that have repeating syllables
- replacing ‘d’ with ‘g’
- there’s a lot of variation among languages
8-16 months of age involves production of what types of sounds?
labials, alveolars, and sometimes glottals
From 17-24 months of age there is production of ___sounds like velars
back
At 2 years old, ____ include all 3 places of articulation and ____ and ____
consonant inventories, labial, nasals
they typically produce /f/ and /s/
The limitations of norms for speech sound mastery are used to identify ages of mastery in a phonological sense and they reflect ___. Children show individual_____
averages, differences
Understand generalizations that can be made about consonant acquisition across languages
- there’s a lot of variation across languages
- there are general trends for groups of sounds, not specific ages of acquisition for individual sounds
What types of consonants emerge the earliest?
stops, nasals, and glides
In the newborn stage, the larynx is
3x higher up causing there to be production of back sounds
In the newborn stage, ____ and ____ motor skills require development
fine and gross
In the newborn stage, ____ control and ____ architecture require development
respiratory and lung
In the newborn stage, hearing abilities are _____
relatively well developed
When babies are less than 6 months of age, they can recognize____ for sounds of languages around the world
phonetic differences
At age 6-12 months of age babies only notice ___ of the ____ they are exposed to
phonemes, language
At 6 months of age, the ____ and ___ control is developed enough for speech production
vocal tract and motor
Infants can produce a wide range of sounds during ___
babbling
At 6-12 months of age, the ___ and ____control is developed enough to allow production. Infants produce a wide range of sounds by ___.
vocal tract and motor
babbling
What type of consonants are produced later on?
fricatives and affricates
____(front) sounds are produced before ___ (back) sounds
anterior, posterior
The primary tool for assessment
speech samples
How do you calculate percentage of consonants correct? (PCC)
of correct consonants
———————————– x 100
# of correct + # of incorrect
How well someone can understand the words someone is saying
intelligibility
Intelligibility goes up around 25% starting at the age 1
1 yr: 25% intelligible
2 yrs: 50% intelligible
3 yrs: 75% intelligible
4 yrs: 100% intelligible
There are 3 ways to evaluate a child’s speech sample
accuracy, inventories, and error patterns
Correct or incorrect relative to a target language, you must understand what variety the individual is using and what the target is for that variety.
accuracy (relational analysis)
What is the full repertoire of consonants that a child uses?
inventories (independent analysis)
What kinds of error or phonological processes apply
error patterns (relational analysis)
If you need to know what the target was it’s a ____analysis
relational
If you don’t need to know the target it’s an ____ analysis
independent
What is an example of single word elicited speech sampling
looking at a picture and they say the word
