Phonetics Exam 2

Question 1

Divisions of the oral cavity

Answer 1

Question 2

Divisions of the tongue

Answer 2

Question 3

Place of articulation: bilabial

Answer 3

Upper and lower lips approximating to each other.

Question 4

Place of articulation: labiodental

Answer 4

Lower lip approximating to under edge of upper front teeth.

Question 5

Place of articulation: dental

Answer 5

Teeth. Usualy the tongue apex that is used (apico-dental)

Question 6

Place of articulation: Alveolar

Answer 6

Alveolar ridge and either tongue tip or blade (apico- or lamino-alveolar).

Question 7

Place of articulation: postalveolar

Answer 7

Can be made with tongue tip or blade.

• Apicopostalveolar requires a certain amount of tongue tip bending upwards, as in english [ɹ].
• Laminopostalveolar is found in English [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ]

Question 8

Place of articulation: retroflex

Answer 8

Refers to shape, not place of tongue. Underside of tongue blade articulates against rear of alveolar ridge and/or front of hard palate.

• Common in languages of India.

Question 9

Place of articulation: prepalatal

Answer 9

Front of tongue body (dorsum) articulates against the anterior of the hard palate.

• Fricatives found in Polish

Question 10

Place of articulation: palatal

Answer 10

Tongue body (dorsum) against hard palate. Palatal stops and fricatives are also found.

Question 11

Place of articulation: velar

Answer 11

Back of tongue body against the soft palate. In English we have velar plosives [k, g] and nasals [ŋ].

Question 12

Place of articulation: uvular

Answer 12

Back and/or root of tongue against the uvula.

• French uses uvular trill and/or uvular fricative; Arabic has uvular plosives.

Question 13

Place of articulation: pharyngeal

Answer 13

Non-oral. Root of tongue drawn into pharynx

• Pharyngeal fricatives found in Arabic.

Question 14

Place of articulation: epiglottal

Answer 14

Non-oral. Epiglottis drawn back into pharynx. Fricatives and a stop are also possible.

Question 15

Place of articulation: glottal

Answer 15

Non-oral. Articulation is b/w the two vocal folds.

• Glottal stop [ʔ]
• Voiced and voiceless “h” [h, ɦ]

Question 16

3-term label for consonants

Answer 16

1. Voice
2. Place
3. Manner

Question 17

Place of articulation: linguolabial

Answer 17

Atypical. Tongue to upper lip.

Question 18

Place of articulation: dentolabial

Answer 18

Atypical. Bottom teeth to upper lip.

Question 19

Place of articulation: bidental

Answer 19

Atypical. Upper & lower teeth approximating.

Question 20

Manner of articulation

Answer 20

• Refers to how the two articulators are brought together.
• Considers two dimensions of the oral cavity:
  
  • vertical
  • lateral

Question 21

Manner of articulation: lateral dimension

Answer 21

Many sound types can be produced with air flow either centrally over the tongue (central or median) or laterally over one or both sides of the tongue (lateral)

Question 22

Manner of articulation: vertical dimension

Answer 22

• Considers:
  
  • how close articulators are
  • temporal dimension: is sound…
    
    • prolonged?
    • momentary?

Question 23

Arrange from most to least degree of stricture: approximant, resonant/vowel, stop, fricative.

Answer 23

1. Stop 2. Fricative 3. Approximant 4. Resonant/vowel

Question 24

Stops

Answer 24

AKA plosives. Have the closest degree of stricture w/ articulators held firmly together.

• Closure stage of oral stops lasts around 50-60 ms
• This causes air pressure to build up, and when stricture is release, air pops out explosively.

Question 25

Nasal stops/nasals

Answer 25

If the velum is lowered during stop production, air flows out throught the nasal cavity and no pressure build up occurs.

Question 26

Fricatives

Answer 26

Articulators are brought close together, but small gap is left for airflow, causing turbulent airstream. Both voiced and voiceless fricatives have turbulent airflow.

Question 27

Fricative channel shapes

Answer 27

Describes the shape of the opening through which the airflow is forced.

• Grooved: narrow channel w/ tight lateral shape: /s/ and /z/
• Wide slit: widest channel w/ flatter shape: [θ, ð]
• Narrow slit: slightly narrower than wide slit: [ʃ, ʒ]

Question 28

Sibilance

Answer 28

Channel shape + place of articulation determine pitch range of frication

• Higher pitch sounds are sibilants: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/
• Lower pitch sounds are non-sibilants: /f, v, θ, ð/

Question 29

Approximants

Answer 29

Manner of articulation in which the articulators come close to one another, but not nearly as close as in fricative speech sounds.

• Approximant versions of all voiced fricatives can be made

Question 30

Vowels

Answer 30

AKA resonants. Has widest stricture of all, with laminar (smooth) airflow. Nearly always voiced.

Question 31

Trills

Answer 31

Lots of repeated stop strictures of the articulators. Contacts can be made 30 times/sec, but usually only 2-3 are made in speech. Apical most common; also bilabial and uvular.

Question 32

Taps

Answer 32

Single strike of one articulator against another for between 10-20 ms.

• Ex: The “flick” for “t” in American English in “better”

Question 33

Obstruents vs. Sonorants

Answer 33

• Obstruents: plosives and fricatives
  
  • more often voiceless than voiced
• Sonorants: all other sounds
  
  • less constriction & louder
  • more often voiced than voiceless

Question 34

Lenis vs. fortis

Answer 34

• Lenis: weak; voiced consonants
• Fortis: strong; voiceless consonants