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Linguistics > Phonetics- Consonants > Flashcards

Phonetics- Consonants Flashcards

1
Q

What causes constriction?

A

Two articulators being brought close together to impede airflow

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2
Q

How are consonants identified?

A

Voicing or phonation
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation/ degree of stricture

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3
Q

[p]

A

Voiceless bilabial plosive

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4
Q

[b]

A

Voiced bilabial plosive

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5
Q

[t]

A

Voiceless alveolar plosive

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6
Q

[d]

A

Voiced alveolar plosive

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7
Q

[k]

A

Voiceless velar plosive

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8
Q

[g]

A

Voiced velar plosive

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9
Q

[p][b], [t][d], [k][g], [f][v], [θ][ð], [s][z], [ʃ][ʒ], [tʃ][dʒ] - What are these pairs of sounds known as?

A

Voiced/ voiceless pairs

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10
Q

What is the voiceless pair of [b]?

A

[p]

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11
Q

What is the voiced pair of [t]?

A

[d]

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12
Q

What is the voiceless version of [g]?

A

[k]

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13
Q

[ʔ]

A

Glottal stop

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14
Q

What is a glottal stop a variant pronunciation of?

A

[t]

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15
Q

Where is a glottal stop most common in a word?

A

At the end

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16
Q

Can a glottal stop, in theory, be used anywhere in a word?

A

Yes

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17
Q

When does aspiration occur?

A

When a voiceless plosive is followed by a voiced sound

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18
Q

What is aspiration?

A

When a brief puff of air follows a voiceless plosive, meaning that there is a delay in the onset of voice after the closure has been released.

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19
Q

Are nasals a type of plosive?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What distinguishes a nasal from a normal plosive?

A

Air flows through the nasal cavity, not through the mouth

Air doesn’t build up behind the closure, as the velum is lowered

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21
Q

[m]

A

Voiced bilabial nasal

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22
Q

[n]

A

Voiced alveolar nasal

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23
Q

[ŋ]

A

Voiced velar nasal

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24
Q

What happens in the articulation of fricatives?

A

The air is pushed through the small space between the articulators

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25
Q

[f]

A

Voiceless labiodental fricative

26
Q

[v]

A

Voiced labiodental fricative

27
Q

[θ]

A

Voiceless dental fricative

28
Q

[ð]

A

Voiced dental fricative

29
Q

[s]

A

Voiceless alveolar fricative

30
Q

[z]

A

Voiced alveolar fricative

31
Q

[ʃ]

A

Voiceless post-alveolar fricative

32
Q

[ʒ]

A

Voiced post-alveolar fricative

33
Q

[h]

A

Voiceless glottal fricative

34
Q

What is the sub-group of fricatives that [s], [z], [ʃ] and [ʒ] belong to called?

A

Sibilants

35
Q

How are sibilants articulated?

A

They use the tongue to force air through a small channel directed at the alveolar ridge.

36
Q

Glottal sounds are technically what?

A

A type of phonation (voicing), not a place of articulation

37
Q

In the articulation of [h], what are spread?

A

The vocal folds

38
Q

What does the vocal folds being spread in the sound [h] do to the following vowel?

A

Gives it a ‘breathy’, voiceless quality

39
Q

What do affricates consist of?

A

A plosive released into a fricative

40
Q

What does homorganic mean?

A

That the two sounds in a fricative share roughly the same place of articulation

41
Q

What do the two sounds in an affricate share?

A

Same phonation and roughly the same place of articulation

42
Q

[tʃ]

A

Voiceless post-alveolar affricate

43
Q

[dʒ]

A

Voiced post-alveolar affricate

44
Q

What happens in the articulation of an approximant?

A

The articulators come close together, but not close enough to cause turbulent airflow.

45
Q

What type of phonation do approximants have?

A

They are all voiced

46
Q

[r]

A

Voiced alveolar approximant

47
Q

[l]

A

Voiced alveolar lateral approximant

48
Q

[j]

A

Voiced palatal approximant

49
Q

[w]

A

Voiced labial-velar approximant

50
Q

What does the lateral approximant articulation of [l] involve?

A

The sides of the tongue coming into proximity with the roof of the mouth, with the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge

51
Q

What is a normal [l] sound known as?

A

Clear l

52
Q

What is a velarised [l] sound known as?

A

Dark l

53
Q

What is the secondary articulation in dark l?

A

The back of the tongue is raised towards the velum

54
Q

When is dark l used?

A

When it is the final sound in a word

Before another consonant

55
Q

What is the symbol for dark l?

A

[ɫ]

56
Q

What is another name for semivowels?

A

Glides

57
Q

What are semivowels a subgroup of?

A

Approximants

58
Q

How are semivowels close to vowels?

A

They have an articulation close to that of a high vowel

59
Q

How are semivowels like consonants?

A

They don’t create a syllable, unlike a vowel

60
Q

Which vowel corresponds to the semivowel [j]?

A

The high front unrounded vowel [i]

61
Q

Which vowel corresponds to the semivowel [w]?

A

The high back rounded vowel [u]

62
Q

What is unusual about [w]?

A

It is labial-velar, as there are approximant articulations at both the lips and the velum

Linguistics (9 decks)

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