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Phonetics > Phonetics - Articulatory Summaries > Flashcards

Phonetics - Articulatory Summaries Flashcards

1
Q

/b/

A

Voiced

Bilabial

Stop

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2
Q

/ʧ/

A

Voiceless

Alveopalatal

Affricate

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3
Q

/d/

A

Voiced

Alveolar

(Apical)

Stop

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4
Q

/Ꮭ/

A

Alveolar

Flap

(One-Tap Trill)

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5
Q

/f/

A

Voiceless

Labiodental

Fricative

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6
Q

/g/

A

Voiced

Velar

(Dorsal)

Stop

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7
Q

/ʤ/

A

Voiced

Alveopalatal

Affricate

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8
Q

/h/

A

Voiceless

Glottal

Fricative

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9
Q

/j/

A

Voiced

Palatal

Glide

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10
Q

/ʒ/

A

Voiced

Alveopalatal

Fricative

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11
Q

/k/

A

Voiceless

Velar

(Dorsal)

Stop

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12
Q

/l/

A

Alveolar

Lateral

Liquid

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13
Q

/m/

A

Bilabial

Nasal

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14
Q

/n/

A

Alveolar

(Apical)

Nasal

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15
Q

/ŋ/

A

Velar

(Dorsal)

Nasal

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16
Q

/p/

A

Voiceless

Bilabial

Stop

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18
Q

/r/

A

Palatal

Rhotic

Liquid

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19
Q

/s/

A

Voiceless

Alveolar

Fricative

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20
Q

/∫/

A

Voiceless

Alveopalatal

Fricative

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21
Q

/t/

A

Voiceless

Alveolar

(Apical)

Stop

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22
Q

/θ/

A

Voiceless

Interdental

Fricative

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23
Q

/ð/

A

Voiced

Interdental

Fricative

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24
Q

/v/

A

Voiced

Labiodental

Fricative

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25
Q

/w/

A

Voiced

Labial & Velar

Glide

(Semivowel)

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26
Q

/ʍ/

/hw/

A

Voiceless

Labial & Velar

Fricative / Glide

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27
Q

/z/

A

Voiced

Alveolar

Fricative

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28
Q

/ʔ/

A

Glottal Stop

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29
Q

/ɥ/

A

Voiceless

Labio-Palatal

Approximate

(Lips: Rounded)

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30
Q

/ʁ/

A

Voiced

Uvular

Fricative

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31
Q

/ʀ/

A

Voiced

Uvular

Trill

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32
Q

Affricates - Consonants

2

A

/tʃ/

/dʒ/

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33
Q

Alveolars - Consonants

6

A

/l/

/t/

/d/

/s/

/z/

/n/

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34
Q

Alveopalatals - Consonants

4

A

/∫/

/ʒ/

/ʧ/

/ʤ/

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35
Q

(Alveo)palatals - Consonants

6

A

/∫/

/ʒ/

/ʧ/

/ʤ/

/j/

/r/

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36
Q

Bilabials - Consonants

5

A

/p/

/b/

/m/

/w/

/hw/ or /ʍ/ (voiceless “w”)

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37
Q

Fricatives - Consonants

9

A

/f/

/v/

/θ/

/ð/

/s/

/z/

/ʃ/

/ʒ/

/h/

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38
Q

Glides - Consonants

3

A

/j/

/w/

/ʍ/ or /hw/

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39
Q

Glottals - Consonants

2

A

/h/

/ʔ/

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40
Q

Interdentals - Consonants

2

A

/θ/

/ð/

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41
Q

Labiodentals - Consonants

2

A

/f/

/v/

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42
Q

Labiovelars - Consonants

2

A

/w/

/ʍ/ or /hw/

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43
Q

Liquids - Consonants

2

A

/l/

/r/

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44
Q

Lateral Liquids - Consonants

1

A

/l/

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45
Q

Rhotic Liquids - Consonants

1

A

/r/

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46
Q

Nasals - Consonants

3

A

/m/

/n/

/ŋ/

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47
Q

Palatals - Consonants

2

A

/j/

/r/

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48
Q

Stops - Consonants

7

A

/p/

/b/

/t/

/d/

/k/

/g/

/ʔ/

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49
Q

Velars - Consonants

3

A

/k/

/g/

/ŋ/

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49
Q

Articulation Summary for Affricates

2

A

Combines stops and fricatives

Velopharynx is closed

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50
Q

Articulation Summary for Approximates

1

A

Vocal tract is narrowed at place of articulation

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51
Q

Articulation Summary for Fricatives

5

A

Articulators form a narrow channel

Air pressure increases behind the constriction

Air flows through narrow opening

This creates a continuous friction noise

Velopharnyx is closed

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52
Q

Articulation Summary for Glides

5

A

Narrower than for vowels

Wider than for stops & fricatives

Articulators make a gliding motion from a constriction to a vowel (which is more open)

Velopharnyx is almost always closed

Sound energy passes through mouth - similar to vowels

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53
Q

Articulation Summary for Liquids

5

A

Sound energy is directed through mouth

Can be sustained for an unlimited amount of time

Velopharnyx is almost always closed

Oral passageway is narrower than for vowels

Wider than for stops, fricatives, and nasals

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54
Q

Articulation Summary for Nasals

4

A

Oral tract is completely closed

Velopharnyx is open

Sound energy goes through the nasal cavities

Even if oral cavity opens, sound will continue to travel through the nose

55
Q

Articulation Summary for Stops

4

A

Oral cavity is completely closed for some brief interval

Velopharnyx is closed

Upon release a small burst of air is heard

(Open and closing movement happen very quickly)

56
Q

Articulation Summary for Uvulars

1

A

Articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula

57
Q

/ɑ/

A

Tongue: Low
Back

Jaw: Open

Lips: Unrounded and widely open
The only back vowel that is unrounded

Velopharynx: Open for nasal contexts
Lower than the other vowels

Lax

57
Q

/a/

A

Tongue: Low
Front

Lips: Unrounded

Lax

58
Q

/ɑɪ/

A

Onglide: Low Back Vowel

Offglide: Mid-High Front Vowel

Tongue: Moves up and forward

Jaw: Mid open and closes somewhat

Lips: Unrounded
Mid-Open

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

59
Q

/aʊ/

A

Onglide: Low Back vowel or low central(ish) vowel

Offglide: Mid High Back

Quite a bit of variation with this sound

60
Q

/æ/

A

Tongue: Low
The lowest of the all the front vowels

	Front 
	The least forward of all the front vowels

Jaw: Open Position

Lips: Unrounded
Frequently retracted

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized
Lower than other front vowels

Lax - Long

61
Q

/ɔ/

A

Tongue: Low-Mid
Back

Jaw: Mid

Lips: Rounded(ish)

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Tense

62
Q

/ɔɪ/

A

Onglide: Mid-Low Back Vowel

Offglide: Mid-High Front Vowel

Tongue: Moves upward and forward

Jaw: Mid
May close slightly

Lips: Round to Unround

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

63
Q

/ɛ/

A

Tongue: Low-Mid
Front

Jaw: Mid Position

Lips: Unrounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Lax

64
Q

/e/

A

Tongue: Mid
Front

Jaw: Mid position

Lips: Unrounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Placement: Unstressed Syllables

Tense - Longer

65
Q

/eɪ/

A

Tongue: Mid
Front
Moves upward

Jaw: Mid
May close slightly

Lips: Unrounded
Mid Open

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Tense - Long

66
Q

/ɜ/

A

Tongue: Mid Central

Lips: Rounded

Tense - Long

67
Q

/ɝ/

A

Tongue: Mid Central

Jaw: Mid-Open

Lips: Rounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Placement: Stressed Syllables

Tense - Long

68
Q

/ə/

A

Tongue: Mid Central

Jaw: Closed to Mid-Open

Lips: Unrounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Placement: Unstressed Syllables

Lax - Very Short

69
Q

/ɚ/

A

Tongue: Mid Central

Jaw: Closed to mid

Lips: Rounded (optional)

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Placement: Unstressed Syllables

Lax - Long

70
Q

/i/

A

Tongue: Front

	The most high fronted 
	The highest of all American English vowels

Jaw: Closed or Elevated

Lips: Unrounded
Possibly everted or retracted

Velopharynx: Normally closed and hight (unless nasalized)

Tense - Long

71
Q

/ɪ/

A

Tongue: High-Mid
Front

Jaw: Closed to mid-open

Lips: Unrounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Lax - Shorter

72
Q

/o/

A

Tongue: Mid Back

Jaw: Closed to Mid

Lips: Rounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Placement: Unstressed Syllables

73
Q

/oʊ/

A

Tongue: Mid Back
Moves upward

Jaw: Mid-Open
Closes slightly

Lips: Rounded and narrowing

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalize

74
Q

/u/

A

Tongue: High
Back

Jaw: Closed

Lips: Rounded and/or narrowed

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized
Velum is high

Tense

75
Q

/ʊ/

A

Tongue: High-Mid
Back

Jaw: Closed to Mid-Open

Lips: Rounded

Velopharynx: Open in nasal contexts

Lax

76
Q

/ʌ/

A

Tongue: Low mid (The only low mid vowel in English)
Back central

Jaw: Varies - but relatively open

Lips: Unrounded

Velopharynx: Closed unless nasalized

Placement: Stressed Syllables

Lax

77
Q

Back Vowels

5

A

/u/

/ʊ/

/o/ & /oʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɑ/

78
Q

Central Vowels

5

A

/ʌ/

/ə/

/ɝ/

/ɚ/

/ɜ/

79
Q

Diphthongs - Vowels

5

A

/eɪ/

/oʊ/

/ɑɪ/

/ɔɪ/

/aʊ/

80
Q

Front Vowels

5

A

/i/

/ɪ/

/e/ & /eɪ/

/ɛ/

/æ/

81
Q

Lax Vowels

7

A

/ɪ/

/ɛ/

/æ/

/ʊ/

/ʌ/

/ə/

/ɚ/

82
Q

Rhotacized Vowels

3

A

/ɝ/

/ɚ/

/ɜ/

83
Q

Rounded Vowels

9

A

/i/

/ɪ/

/e/ & /eɪ/

/ɛ/

/æ/

/ʌ/

/ɛ/

/ə/

/ɑ/

84
Q

Tense Vowels

8

A

/i/

/e/ & /eɪ/

/u/

/o/ & /oʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɑ/

/ɜ/

/ɝ/

85
Q

Unrounded Vowels

6

A

/u/

/ʊ/

/o/ & /oʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɝ/

/ɚ/

86
Q

Onglide Symbols

A

A brief sound proceeding the main sound

[ ᵊo͞ʊ ]

87
Q

Stress Symbols

A

There are 3 degrees of stress

When dealing with stress, the top row is usually left blank for stress marking

[ u¹ ], [ u² ], [ u³ ]

88
Q

Primary Stress

A

The highest degree of stress in an utterance

It is assumed that every utterance has at least one syllable with primary stress

[ u¹ ]

89
Q

Secondary Stress

A

It is possible for a multisyllabic word to have 2+ syllables with secondary stress

[ u² ]

90
Q

Tertiary Stress

A

The lowest degree of stress in an utterance

Can be used on more than one syllable

[ u³ ]

91
Q

Nazalized

A

Produced with nasal resonance by means of an open velopharyngeal port

We usually nasalize vowels before or after nasal consonants

[ ɛ̃ ]

92
Q

Nasal Emissions

A

Release of noise energy through the nose

Does not usually occur in normal speech

Occurs often in the speech of those with Cleft Palate or other velopharyngeal incompetence

[ ɛ͊ ]

93
Q

Denasalized

A

Produced without nasalization

Rarely occurs in normal English

Might be heard in a speaker with a cold or a child with cerebral palsy

(Tilda w/ slash through it)

94
Q

Rounded Vowel

A

Vowels produced with lip rounding

Only used for vowels that are normally not rounded

[ u͗ ]

95
Q

Unrounded Vowel

A

Vowels produced without lip rounding

Only used for vowels that are normally rounded

[ u͑ ]

96
Q

Labialized Consonant

A

Consonants produced with a narrowing of the lips

Only used for consonants that are normally produced without a narrowing of the lips

[ kʷ ]

97
Q

Non-Labialized Consonant

A

Consonants produced without lip narrowing.

Only used for consonants that normally have lip narrowing

[ wͫ ]

98
Q

Inverted Lip

A

Produced with a curling back of the lip (sometimes over the teeth)

This is not common

Mostly seen with speakers who are neurologically or structurally impaired

[ b̽ ]

99
Q

Dentalized

A

Articulated with the tip of the tongue placed against the back of the teeth

[ t̪ ]

100
Q

Palatalized

A

The blade of the tongue is close to the palatal area behind the alveolar ridge

[ s̡ ]

101
Q

Lateralized

A

Air is released around the sides of the tongue

[ s̯ ]

102
Q

Rhotacized

A

Rhotacized consonants

Usually occur before rhotacized vowels

[symbol needed]

103
Q

Velarized

A

There is constriction of the vocal tract between the tongue and the velum

[ ʃ̢ ]

104
Q

Centralized

A

The tongue body is displace towards the center

This can be a natural consequence of an increased speaking rate or reduced stress

[ æ̱ ]

105
Q

Retracted

A

The tongue body is drawn back from the vowel target position

It moves towards the back vowels

[ æ̙ ]

106
Q

Advanced

A

The tongue body is moved forward

It moves towards the front vowels

[ ɑ̘ ]

107
Q

Raised

A

The tongue is elevated above the usual position for the phoneme

[ ʊ̝ ]

108
Q

Lowered

A

The tongue is lower than usual for the particular phoneme

[ ʊ̞ ]

109
Q

Fronted

A

The place of articulation is unusually forward

Only applies to consonants

[ s͔ ]

110
Q

Backed

A

The place of articulation is unusually back

Only applies to consonants

[ z͕ ]

111
Q

Derhotacized

A

A /r/-consonant that is significantly lacking in /r/-ness but that cannot fall into a different phonemic catagory

112
Q

Glottalized

A

???

Creaky Voice

Vocal Abuse

[ ɑ̣ ]

113
Q

Breathy

A

Murmured

Characterized by air wastage

Often contains noise at the larynx

The vocal folds vibrate but do not close

[ e̤͞ɪ ]

114
Q

Frictionalized

A

Has a fricative-like airflow through a narrow constriction

Occurs from a stop formation failure

[ t͓ ]

115
Q

Whistled

A

Hissed

Almost exclusively restricted to fricatives

Has a sharply tuned noise source like normal whistling

[ s̭̩ ]

116
Q

Trilled

A

Made with rapid, repetitive movements that are basically vibratory in nature

[ r̩ ̗ ]

117
Q

Syllabic Symbol

A

Consonantly that can serve as the syllable nucleus.

Usually restricted to /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, & /r/

[ n̩ ]

118
Q

Offglide Symbols

A

A brief sound immediately following a more dominant sound

[ o͞ʊᵊ ]

119
Q

Aspirated

A

Has two audible intervals of noise: the stop burst & a longer interval of air (/h/ or a hiss)

[ tʰ ]

120
Q

Unaspirated

A

Has an audible stop burst but no following interval of aspiration

Usually occurs when stops immediately follow fricatives

Children will sometimes produce this ??? even when omitting the /s/ ( [ st ̄̄ɑp ] vs. [ t ̄̄ɑp ] )

[ t ̄̄ ]

121
Q

Unreleased

A

When the articulatory closure is not broken by an audible burst of air

[ p ̚ ]

122
Q

Lengthened

A

Sound is prolonged or greater than expected

Can be used for double consonants like “Sad Day” ( [ sæd:e͞ɪ ] )

[ æ: ]

123
Q

Shortened

A

The sound is unusually brief in duration

Children will sometimes say /s/ so short that it sounds like /t/

When we can identify this as /s/, we write it as [ s> ]

124
Q

Close Juncture

A

No markings are used since there is no special time seperation

“I did it” = [ ɑ͞ɪdɪdɪt ]

125
Q

Syllabic Open Juncture

A

A short gap that seperates phone boundaries in ambiguous or confusable utterances

“A nice man” = [ ənɑɪs+mæn ]

“An ice man” = [ ən+ɑɪsmæn ]

126
Q

Internal Open Juncture

A

Used to represent phrasing

Is usually slightly longer than syllabic open junctures

[ lɛtshɛlp ̩ʤeɪn ]

[ ̩ ]

127
Q

Falling Terminal Juncture

A

Associated with declarative statements

There is a falling pitch on the last syllable

[ tʊde͞ɪ↓]

128
Q

Rising Terminal Junction

A

Signifies an interrogation (question)

The rise is pitch is made on the final syllable

[ tʊde͞ɪ↑]

129
Q

Checked Junction

Held Junction

A

Signifies the speaker’s intention to continue after a pause

Is an expression of continued interest in another speaker’s utterances

Is also used as the topic of a list or during roll call

[ tʊde͞ɪ→]

130
Q

Synchronic Tie

A

Used for two distinct articulations being linked together in one segment

[ d͡zu ]

131
Q

Unintelligible Syllable

A

Used for speech that is unclear or not understood

[ ∗ ]

132
Q

Questionable Segment

A

Circled phonemes are used when the clinician is unsure about something

A circled “?” can also be used

[ ⓑ ], [ Circled ? ]

Phonetics (3 decks)

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