Intro to Phonetics (SHS 250) Flashcards

Question

Bilabials

Answer 1

Articulated using both Lips

Answer 2

As if the proximity of two words to each other creates a fusion in which a hybrid sound is created ASU = /e͞ɪ/ /ɛs/ /ju/ becomes [ e͞ɪɛʃu ]

Answer 3

A sequence of words and/or syllables produced on a single expiration. Usually 10 seconds long in normal conversation Usually occurs in syntactically appropriate places like at the end of a clause

Answer 4

Type of articulation of /r/ where the tongue's blade is elevated towards the palate and the tip is down

Answer 5

Articulatory vowel space map

Answer 6

Stops produced with ingressive air flow

Answer 7

When the sound is produced differently because of the influence of sounds in its phonetic context The overlapping of adjacent articulations

Answer 8

The arresting consonant

Answer 9

A scale rating the difficulty of producing speech ``` isolated sound | sound within a word | sound within a sentence | continuous speech ```

Answer 10

Are we looking for a single sound or multiple sounds?

Answer 11

Voiced & Voiceless Pairs /b/ vs /p/ /g/ vs. /k/

Answer 12

A speech sound that is produced with a significant constriction of the oral/pharyngeal cavities Consonants generally are not syllable nuclei - except under certain circumstances

Answer 13

Voice or Unvoiced? Place of Articulation Manner or Articulation

Answer 14

Two morphemes differing in only one sound segment (pit, bit, mitt, etc.)

Answer 15

Not producing a required sound

Answer 16

A sound made by the tongue touching the teeth

Answer 17

Where an r-colored vowel loses some or all of its r-color

Answer 18

Stops and fricatives become partially devoiced at the end of words /b̥/, /d̥/, /g̥/, /v̥/, /ð̥/, /z̥/, /ʒ̥/, /ʤ̥/ Liquids, glides, and nasals can become devoiced after voiceless sounds /m̥/, /n̥/, /ŋ̥/, /l̥/, /r̥/, /j̥/, & /w̥/ /pl̥e͞ɪ/ /sw̥ɪm/ /sn̥o͞ʊ/

Answer 19

Two or more alphabetic characters that represent a single sound

Answer 20

A subset within a language Patterns of use based on regional or social boundaries Patterns of phoneme use and/or word choice and grammar use.

Answer 21

Dialects characteristic of people living in a certain region

Answer 22

A list of a language's words

Answer 23

A vowel with a gradual transition from one vowel-like articulation to another Represented by a pair of symbols Examples: - The vowel sounds in "cow", "bait", or "slow"

Answer 24

/ɑɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/

Answer 25

/eɪ/ /oʊ/

Answer 26

When a vowel that is normal produced as a monophthong is articulated as a diphthong Example: Southern Dialects

Answer 27

Not pronouncing a phoneme correctly

Answer 28

Allophones that occur due to placement in word (Pat vs. maP, beginning letters will most likely be aspirated) Allophones are predictable in complementary distribution

Answer 29

Sounds produced by air exiting the lungs. All English sounds are egressive.

Answer 30

A stop made with a glottalic, egressive airstream

Answer 31

The sound that leaves the mouth and reaches the ears

Answer 32

It guards the entrance of the glottis A flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx. Usually upright to allow air to pass but will folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs.

Answer 33

One tap trill

Answer 34

Particular sets of resonators

Answer 35

The frequency at the center/midpoint of the formant's energy band

Answer 36

F₀ The rate of vocal fold vibration Measured in Hertz High frequency = high pitch, low frequency = low pitch The frequency of vibration decreases with age and maturity of the vocal track The frequency of vibration also associated with mass

Answer 37

Constricted air passage created friction like sound called friction or turbulence Continuous flow of air

Answer 38

Sounds that occur as a pair Examples: - booKKeeper - saD Day

Answer 39

Similar to liquids in degree of constriction Different in that each sound starts out in near vowel position and like a diphthong is gradually glided to the final position The glide describes the sound of transition

Answer 40

Articulated using only the larynx/vocal chords Supralaryngeal structures can be in any position, as long as there is not constriction

Answer 41

For this class, the vocal folds Actually the opening between the folds

Answer 42

Alphabet letters

Answer 43

The thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth.

Answer 44

Hz The number of complete cycles per second.

Answer 45

Sounds that share the same PLACE of articulation

Answer 46

Sounds that share the same MANNER of articulation

Answer 47

Personal, distinct

Answer 48

One's personal, unique form of spoken language

Answer 49

Sound made with a glottalic, ingressive airstream

Answer 50

Sounds produced by air entering the lungs

Answer 51

Articulated using the tongue tip & the teeth Can train by instructing someone to place their tongue in between teeth and blow

Answer 52

What marks sentences as declarative or interrogative Places emphasis on certain words Signifies emotions and attitudes

Answer 53

International Phonetic Alphabet The standard phonetic Alphabet It provides cross linguistic consistency

Answer 54

Articulated by placing teeth on lip

Answer 55

A system that uses sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate Each element can be broken into areas of more detailed study

Answer 56

(1) Conversation: Sentences (2) Phrases (3) Words (4) Morphemes (5) Phonemes (6) Allophones

Answer 57

"Voice box" Mostly made of cartilage & muscles Housed between the trachea and the hyoid bone; includes the thyroid cartilage as well as other cartilages and muscles Houses the vocal folds

Answer 58

Vowels with less muscular activity and less duration /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ʊ/ + central vowels

Answer 59

Choose Read

Answer 60

A list of a language's morphemes

Answer 61

Produced by the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge (not teeth) Can train by instructing don't touch your teeth

Answer 62

Open and close (Pop) Round and/or protrude (yOU) Supported by jaw Lower lip usually moves more than the upper lip

Answer 63

Doesn't have a specific place of articulation Vocal tract constricted only somewhat more than for vowels Variability of precise point of contact for articulators - you could say that it is fluid

Answer 64

Lateral Liquids Rhotic Liquids

Answer 65

Aveolar contact Dorsum /o/-like position Lateral opening for airflow (Meaning that air comes out from the sides of the tongue)

Answer 66

Palatal constriction Retroflex or bunched articulation with the tip down & blade elevated Can also be produced with the tongue tip curled back slightly but not quite touching the alveolar ridege

Answer 67

The jaw Contributes to the movements of the tongue and the lower lip

Answer 68

Marks that are used to notate the variations in phoneme pronunciation Indicate subtle phonetic differences Symbolize allophonic variation

Answer 69

A pure vowel A single, unchained vowel sound Represented by a single IPA symbol Examples: - The vowel in "bit" or "head"

Answer 70

When a diphthong is produced as a monophthong

Answer 71

Morpheme-like or fake morphemes Have no linguistic meaning Are used as a connectors, Example: "drunkometer"

Answer 72

The smallest unit of language that still carries semantic interpretation Examples: - Anti- - Cat

Answer 73

The study of morphemes

Answer 74

The study of the structure of words

Answer 75

Airflow goes through the nasal cavity (velopharyngeal port in open position) All are voiced Contract of articulators in oral cavity shapes and produces unique sound based on place of articulation

Answer 76

When the velopharynx is open to some to degree in a sound where it is normally closed. Usually this is because of a preceding or following sound.

Answer 77

There is closure of the vocal tract, stopping or interfering with airflow - Stops - Fricatives - Affricates

Answer 78

The second vowel sound in a diphthong

Answer 79

Not producing a required sound

Answer 80

The first vowel sound in a diphthong

Answer 81

The releasing consonant

Answer 82

Two morphemes differing in only one sound segment (pit, bit, mitt, etc.)

Answer 83

Part of the Pharnyx

Answer 84

Directly above larynx, behind the mouth, and under the nasal cavity Basically a muscular tube Divides into oral & nasal cavities

Answer 85

An individual speech sound

Answer 86

The smallest unit of sound that can change the difference between morphemes Differs across languages

Answer 87

The study of the perception and production of speech sounds

Answer 88

The study of phonetics with respect to the physics of sound The study of phonetics with respect to the acoustic properties of sound

Answer 89

The study of phonetics with emphasis on the position and movement of the articulators The study of how sounds are formed.

Answer 90

Phonetics as it apples to disorders Phonetics as it relates to the professional concern of SLPs

Answer 91

The study of The pattern of speech sounds The sound systems The structure and function of sounds

Answer 92

Voice Sound

Answer 93

A sound occurring after a given vowel

Answer 94

The sound before a given vowel. This is usually a consonant.

Answer 95

Vocal fold vibrations begin before stop is released

Answer 96

Air is coming out of the lungs All English sounds are pulmonic

Answer 97

Reducing the stress level of a vowel or relaxing its tenseness in conversational speech

Answer 98

The second syllable becomes a repetition the first bottle = /bɑbɑ/

Answer 99

Something that reinforces certain aspects of a sound

Answer 100

Turning or turned back Type of articulation of /r/ where the tongue is midcentral and the tip is raised and tipped back slightly

Answer 101

``` Looking at ... Right or wrong pronunciation? Deletion or Omission? Substitution? Distortion? Addition? ```

Answer 102

The simplest scoring method Basically, is this one phoneme being pronounced correctly or incorrectly?

Answer 103

The study of the meaning of words and sentences

Answer 104

As if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds, much like a gas or cast a shadow over neighboring sounds - coloring them ``` input = [ ɪmpʊt ] tenth = [ tɛn̪θ ] ```

Answer 105

Sound that has a high and loud frequency vibration to it Mainly: /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, & /ʤ/

Answer 106

/h/, /θ/, & /ð/

Answer 107

Everything that is not a obstruent A speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract - Nasals - Glides - Liquids

Answer 108

The sound at the end of the word

Answer 109

A sound located at the end of the word

Answer 110

A sound located at the beginning of a word

Answer 111

A sound located in the middle of the word

Answer 112

The way sound energy enters the oral cavity

Answer 113

The way sound energy enters the nasal cavity

Answer 114

The sound at the beginning of the word

Answer 115

The phoneme being scored

Answer 116

A visual look at the formants in acoustic analysis A three dimensional display of sound

Answer 117

Graph of energy versus frequency

Answer 118

A pattern of sounds produced by movement of the speech organs A pattern of acoustic vibrations

Answer 119

Flexible and adaptive. The typical formation of a sound and its actual formation varies with the phonetic context of the sound

Answer 120

A group of people living within the same geographic boundaries who use the same language

Answer 121

Formed by a complete temporary closure to the vocal tract Air is completely stopped behind articulators then released all at once Also called plosives

Answer 122

Short burst of noise that occurs when impounded air from a stop consonant is released

Answer 123

Replacing the correct phoneme with an incorrect phoneme

Answer 124

Ends in a consonant

Answer 125

A phonetic writing system that uses symbols to represent syllables (instead of individual phonemes)

Answer 126

Does not end in a consonant

Answer 127

Symbols that are used to represent allophones and other phonetic variations of phonemes

Answer 128

The study of the way words combine to form sentences

Answer 129

Sound source = Larynx ("voice box") Sound is produced by the vibrations of the vocal folds (chords) as air sets them in motion Vibration is necessary for sound

Answer 130

The air source Lungs Trachea & air passages Ribcage & abdomen Thoracic muscles Inhalation & expiration

Answer 131

Drawing in air by muscle contractions which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity Respiratory muscles release air into larynx & supralaryngeal system in order to produce speech Respiratory muscles provide additional pulses of energy by a forceful squeezing of the thoracic cavity. This is usually used for special emphasis or loudness.

Answer 132

Sound filter Everything above larynx Filters and shapes sound as it travels Has three cavities Pharyngeal Oral - sound only goes through oral cavity Nasal - sound goes through both nasal and oral cavity

Answer 133

The hinge where your jaw meets your skull

Answer 134

Vowels with greater muscular activity and longer duration /i/ /e/ /u/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/

Answer 135

Energy from the source (larynx) is filtered by the resonances of the vocal tract.

Answer 136

Speech is the process of gradually making oneself smaller

Answer 137

Chest cavity

Answer 138

Muscular organ with no internal skeleton, but who gets some skeletal support from the jaw and the hyoid bone. Is connected to the Skull Palate Pharynx Epiglottis

Answer 139

Body Tip Blade Center - Dorsum Back - Dorsum Root

Answer 140

The relative, vertical position of the tongue

Answer 141

The front to back positioning of the tongue when producing vowels Front Center Back

Answer 142

Located just behind the tip Makes constrictions for a small number of sounds like "th" or "sh" Helps shape the tongue for other speech sounds

Answer 143

The primary bulk of the tongue

Answer 144

The Center and the Back A rather large portion of your tongue that connects with both the hard palate (Center) and the soft palate (Back)

Answer 145

The long segment that forms the front wall of the larynx Is not used to make consonants in English, but is important for vowel formation

Answer 146

The apex of the tongue 50% of English consonants use the tip of the tongue

Answer 147

Air pipe Connects the lungs to the larynx

Answer 148

Using symbols to represent the production of speech sounds.

Answer 149

General detail Written in basic phonemes Written in slashes /x/

Answer 150

Fine detail Written exactly how it was said using diacritic marks Written in brackets [x]

Answer 151

The identification of phonemes /written in slashes/

Answer 152

The identification of allophones [written in brackets] The highest level of scoring.

Answer 153

A flow of air that is directed between two articulators that are held together with just enough tension to produce vibration

Answer 154

/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, & /g/ Can be unrealeased at the the end of words /p̚/, /b̚/, /t̚/, /d̚/, /k̚/, & /g̚/͏

Answer 155

The tip of the velum The thing that hangs down in the back of your throat

Answer 156

Allophones that can be exchange with other allophones where both are correct Allophones that are random with no pattern These can each occur for emphasis, etc.

Answer 157

Articulated using the dorsum of the tongue & the velum

Answer 158

Labiovelars

Answer 159

Occurs when /l/ is after a vowel and in word final position: Also called "dark /l/" Can occur without anterior contact pull = /pʊl̰/

Answer 160

Presses against the back and side walls of pharynx to close off the nasal cavity. It lowers to open nasal cavity

Answer 161

The opening between the oral pharyngeal and nasal cavities

Answer 162

Small cushions of muscles Bilateral muscles 3/4 inches long in males, but shorter in women and in children Attaches to the "Adam's Apple" Kept apart during breathing, but is brought together to vibrate when we speak. Can vibrate with both egressive and ingressive air flow Open from the top and close at the bottom. Can open 100+ times a second

Answer 163

When vocal folds are adducted, (but not completely or it would block air flow) the folds vibrate causing pulses of air The rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds is what creates voice The rate of vocal fold vibration is called fundamental frequency - F₀

Answer 164

Lip Teeth Alveolar ridge Hard palate Velum Uvula Pharyngeal wall Glottis (for this class, the vocal folds)

Answer 165

Lip Teeth Mandible (jaw) Tongue

Answer 166

The interval between articulation (of a consonant) and onset of voicing In English, VOT is longer after voiceless stops than after voiced stops

Answer 167

Vibration of the vocal folds during sound production

Answer 168

A speech sound formed without a significant construction of air flow (in the oral and pharangyeal cavities) Vowels usually serve as the syllable nucleus Vowels are usually longer than consonants American English vowels are voiced, unless whispered. This is not true across languages

Answer 169

...usually lengthened

Answer 170

Front-Back Continuum High-Low Continuum Tense-Lax Pairs Lip Rounding: + or - - These terms can only provide a conceptual framework. - They are based on measurement, but it not exact science - These terms can be considered relative to each other

Answer 171

Vowels produced in the highest position with the tongue closest to the roof of the mouth

Answer 172

Vowels produced in the lowest position with the tongue depressed in mouth

Answer 173

A vowel produced in the extreme corner of the vowel quadrilateral /i/ for example

Answer 174

Vowel that takes on some qualities of /r/

Answer 175

Vowels produced with the lips in a pursed and protruded state /u/ /ʊ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɝ/ /ɚ/

Answer 176

Vowels formed without pursing or protrusion of the lips /i/ /ɪ/ /e/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ɑ/ /ʌ/ /ə/ All front vowels + /ɑ/ /ʌ/ /ə/

Answer 177

All are unrounded with the tongue positioned in front All front vowels are unrounded in English /i/ /ɪ/ /e/ /ɛ/ /æ/

Answer 178

The tongue body is in the center. Rounding varies.

Answer 179

All but /ɑ/ are rounded. The tongue is positioned in back. /u/ /ʊ/ /o/ or /oʊ/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/

Answer 180

Front Vowels

Answer 181

A graphical method of showing where a speech sound is located Graphs both "acoustic" & "articulatory" space.

Answer 182

Have two places of articulation - Labial - Velar

Answer 183

/b/ & /p/ Except velopharnyx is open

Answer 184

The parts of speech beyond phonemes A catagory

Answer 185

Tone Intonation Stress Timing Rhythm Loudness Tempo

Answer 186

Is sometimes used as a synonym for "prosody", but it's not the same

Answer 187

Pattern or melody of continuing pitch changes

Answer 188

Relative level of pitch across the entire utterance

Answer 189

The overall fall in pitch over an entire utterance We usually start at a higher pitch which is gradually reduced This signals the end of a sentence or phrase

Answer 190

Pitch falls gradually and linearly throughout a sentence or claus

Answer 191

A declarative sentence can be broken into nonterminal and terminal parts Variation in pitch are only permitted in the terminal parts

Answer 192

...is an important acoustic syntactical clue

Answer 193

Pitch can be reset to start at a higher level This signals that a new syntactical unit is being produced

Answer 194

Degree of emphasis associated with a particular syllable in a word Degree of emphasis associated with a particular word in a phrase, clause or sentence

Answer 195

Pitch Intensity Duration

Answer 196

When we deviate from the usual or expected stress patterns in an utterance It is used to draw attention to a particular element (syllable, word, etc.)

Answer 197

The stress pattern intrinsic to a word

Answer 198

Stress that is not uniform

Answer 199

We use prosody to highlight words that represent new information

Answer 200

Syllable/Minute -or- Words/Minute Tempo can be looked at as a whole (fast, medium, or slow speech) It can also change within a speech sample

Answer 201

...convey emotion, the communication setting, etc.

Answer 202

Stressed vowels are better preserved than unstressed ones

Answer 203

When speaking fast, we may reduce the extent of articulation movement of a sound

Answer 204

Distribution of events in time

Answer 205

Speech units that have about the same duration

Answer 206

Stressed syllables are longer than unstressed syllables This is common in languages such as English, German, and Dutch

Answer 207

Syllables are the same length no matter the stress This is common in languages such as Spanish & French

Answer 208

Sound determines the syllable weight which determines the stress

Answer 209

Periods of silence

Answer 210

It marks the boundaries between phrases & clauses Hesitations while retrieving a word or organizing thought Increase the sense of anticipation (Pause for Effect)

Answer 211

Phonological or phonetic characteristics that appear at the margin of a linguistical unit. Seems to help the listener parse speech into grammatical constituents

Answer 212

The perceived magnitude of sound

Answer 213

Changes based on the distance between the speaker and the listener

Answer 214

Infant-Directed Speech Has a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and increased word repetition

Answer 215

Used when we really want to be understood in a difficult listening situation Typically has a greater pitch variation, a slowed rate, stronger articulation, and larger vowel movement

Answer 216

Faster rate Smaller range of articulatory movement Deletion of some unstressed syllables

Answer 217

The parts of speech beyond segmental rep and prosody Non-verbal properties that convey emotion, attitude, & demeanor

Answer 218

Characteristics related to emotion, speaking style, voice quality, and voice qualifications

Answer 219

The technical term for the tone of voice used to convey emotion

Answer 220

The vocal expression of emotion including crying & laughing

Answer 221

Sound that is not necessarily a word but can still express meaning

Answer 222

Fundamental Frequency

Answer 223

Vowel & consonantal articulation The articulatory movement becomes larger and the articulatory positions become more extreme

Answer 224

Comprised of the nucleus and an optional coda

Answer 225

Vowel element of a syllable

Answer 226

Onset & Rhyme Nucleus & Coda

Answer 227

The consonant clusters not allowed in a particular language

Answer 228

As heavy or light

Answer 229

As sonorants & non-sonorants In reality, there difference between the two is more of a spectrum than all-or-none

Answer 230

...unstressed syllables

Answer 231

PROP Designed to profile prosodic disability by... - Tone Units - Tones - Tonicity

Answer 232

The organization of connected speech into clauses, phrases, & words

Answer 233

Elemental components from which tone units are constructed

Answer 234

Tonic placement

Answer 235

PVSP Qualifies deviant prosody & voice Each utterance is scored as appropriate or inappropriate

Answer 236

PEPS-C Examines both input and output of prosody interaction, affect, chunking, and focus

Answer 237

Use of intonation to mark boundaries at conversational turn-ends This indicates what kind of response is required or expected

Answer 238

Intonation that expresses mood, emotion, or attitude

Answer 239

Prosodic grouping of words that "chunks" speech

Answer 240

Communicating focal information by prosody

Answer 241

Laver's System

Answer 242

A sound being influenced by the sounds around it

Answer 243

Accent & pronunciation marks

Answer 244

Directly under the phoneme

Answer 245

Over the phoneme Under stress symbols Under nasal symbols

Answer 246

In the upper lefthand corner of phoneme

Answer 247

Over the phoneme

Answer 248

Over the phoneme Under stress symbols

Answer 249

Under the phoneme Under tongue position symbols

Answer 250

Under the phoneme Under tongue position symbols Under sound source symbols

Answer 251

In the upper righthand corner of the phoneme

Answer 252

In the upper righthand corner of phoneme

Answer 253

To the right of phoneme

Answer 254

To the right of phoneme To the right of timing symbols

Answer 255

They cannot close their velopharyngeal port tightly

Answer 256

Nasalized Nasal Emission Denasalized

Answer 257

Rounded Vowel Unrounded Vowel Labialized Consonant Nonlabialized Consonant Inverted Lip

Answer 258

Dentalized Palatalized Lateralized Rhotacized Velarized Centralized Retracted Advanced Raised Lowered Fronted Backed Derhotacized

Answer 259

Partially Voiced Partially Devoiced Glottalized (Creaky Voice) Breathy (Murmured) Frictionalized Whistled (Hissed) Trilled

Answer 260

Aspirated Unaspirated Unreleased

Answer 261

Lengthened Shortened Close Juncture Syllabic Open Juncture Internal Open Juncture Falling Terminal Juncture Rising Terminal Juncture Checked (Held) Juncture

Answer 262

Two syllable words that have equal stress on both syllables

Answer 263

When a consonant serves as a syllable nucleus

Answer 264

The parts of speech beyond phonemes A catagory

Answer 265

Tone Intonation Stress Timing Rhythm Loudness Tempo

Answer 266

Is sometimes used as a synonym for "prosody", but it's not the same

Answer 267

Pattern or melody of continuing pitch changes

Answer 268

Relative level of pitch across the entire utterance

Answer 269

The overall fall in pitch over an entire utterance We usually start at a higher pitch which is gradually reduced This signals the end of a sentence or phrase

Answer 270

Pitch falls gradually and linearly throughout a sentence or claus

Answer 271

A declarative sentence can be broken into nonterminal and terminal parts Variation in pitch are only permitted in the terminal parts

Answer 272

...is an important acoustic syntactical clue

Answer 273

Pitch can be reset to start at a higher level This signals that a new syntactical unit is being produced

Answer 274

Degree of emphasis associated with a particular syllable in a word Degree of emphasis associated with a particular word in a phrase, clause or sentence

Answer 275

Pitch Intensity Duration

Answer 276

When we deviate from the usual or expected stress patterns in an utterance It is used to draw attention to a particular element (syllable, word, etc.)

Answer 277

The stress pattern intrinsic to a word

Answer 278

Stress that is not uniform

Answer 279

We use prosody to highlight words that represent new information

Answer 280

Syllable/Minute -or- Words/Minute Tempo can be looked at as a whole (fast, medium, or slow speech) It can also change within a speech sample

Answer 281

...convey emotion, the communication setting, etc.

Answer 282

Stressed vowels are better preserved than unstressed ones

Answer 283

When speaking fast, we may reduce the extent of articulation movement of a sound

Answer 284

Distribution of events in time

Answer 285

Speech units that have about the same duration

Answer 286

Stressed syllables are longer than unstressed syllables This is common in languages such as English, German, and Dutch

Answer 287

Syllables are the same length no matter the stress This is common in languages such as Spanish & French

Answer 288

Sound determines the syllable weight which determines the stress

Answer 289

Periods of silence

Answer 290

It marks the boundaries between phrases & clauses Hesitations while retrieving a word or organizing thought Increase the sense of anticipation (Pause for Effect)

Answer 291

Phonological or phonetic characteristics that appear at the margin of a linguistical unit. Seems to help the listener parse speech into grammatical constituents

Answer 292

The perceived magnitude of sound

Answer 293

Changes based on the distance between the speaker and the listener

Answer 294

Infant-Directed Speech Has a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and increased word repetition

Answer 295

Used when we really want to be understood in a difficult listening situation Typically has a greater pitch variation, a slowed rate, stronger articulation, and larger vowel movement

Answer 296

Faster rate Smaller range of articulatory movement Deletion of some unstressed syllables

Answer 297

The parts of speech beyond segmental rep and prosody Non-verbal properties that convey emotion, attitude, & demeanor

Answer 298

Characteristics related to emotion, speaking style, voice quality, and voice qualifications

Answer 299

The technical term for the tone of voice used to convey emotion

Answer 300

The vocal expression of emotion including crying & laughing

Answer 301

Sound that is not necessarily a word but can still express meaning

Answer 302

Fundamental Frequency

Answer 303

Vowel & consonantal articulation The articulatory movement becomes larger and the articulatory positions become more extreme

Answer 304

Comprised of the nucleus and an optional coda

Answer 305

Vowel element of a syllable

Answer 306

Onset & Rhyme Nucleus & Coda

Answer 307

The consonant clusters not allowed in a particular language

Answer 308

As heavy or light

Answer 309

As sonorants & non-sonorants In reality, there difference between the two is more of a spectrum than all-or-none

Answer 310

...unstressed syllables

Answer 311

PROP Designed to profile prosodic disability by... - Tone Units - Tones - Tonicity

Answer 312

The organization of connected speech into clauses, phrases, & words

Answer 313

Elemental components from which tone units are constructed

Answer 314

Tonic placement

Answer 315

PVSP Qualifies deviant prosody & voice Each utterance is scored as appropriate or inappropriate

Answer 316

PEPS-C Examines both input and output of prosody interaction, affect, chunking, and focus

Answer 317

Use of intonation to mark boundaries at conversational turn-ends This indicates what kind of response is required or expected

Answer 318

Intonation that expresses mood, emotion, or attitude

Answer 319

Prosodic grouping of words that "chunks" speech

Answer 320

Communicating focal information by prosody

Answer 321

Laver's System

Answer 322

A sound being influenced by the sounds around it

Answer 323

Accent & pronunciation marks

Answer 324

Directly under the phoneme

Answer 325

Over the phoneme Under stress symbols Under nasal symbols

Answer 326

In the upper lefthand corner of phoneme

Answer 327

Over the phoneme

Answer 328

Over the phoneme Under stress symbols

Answer 329

Under the phoneme Under tongue position symbols

Answer 330

Under the phoneme Under tongue position symbols Under sound source symbols

Answer 331

In the upper righthand corner of the phoneme

Answer 332

In the upper righthand corner of phoneme

Answer 333

To the right of phoneme

Answer 334

To the right of phoneme To the right of timing symbols

Answer 335

They cannot close their velopharyngeal port tightly

Answer 336

Nasalized Nasal Emission Denasalized

Answer 337

Rounded Vowel Unrounded Vowel Labialized Consonant Nonlabialized Consonant Inverted Lip

Answer 338

Dentalized Palatalized Lateralized Rhotacized Velarized Centralized Retracted Advanced Raised Lowered Fronted Backed Derhotacized

Answer 339

Partially Voiced Partially Devoiced Glottalized (Creaky Voice) Breathy (Murmured) Frictionalized Whistled (Hissed) Trilled

Answer 340

Aspirated Unaspirated Unreleased

Answer 341

Lengthened Shortened Close Juncture Syllabic Open Juncture Internal Open Juncture Falling Terminal Juncture Rising Terminal Juncture Checked (Held) Juncture

Answer 342

Two syllable words that have equal stress on both syllables

Answer 343

When a consonant serves as a syllable nucleus

Answer 344

Articulatory Placement

Answer 345

The choices made my the speaker in production

Answer 346

The summary of a large project of linguistic interviews with individuals from all over the US

Answer 347

Speech patterns specific to certain geographical locations

Answer 348

A variety of a language that is mutually intelligible from all other dialects

Answer 349

The equating of /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before a nasal consonant

Answer 350

The main language of an area

Answer 351

We have neither

Answer 352

Utterances that deviate from the predominant form of a language Nonstandard Forms

Answer 353

Variations in speech that mark one's membership in a specific group

Answer 354

Switch the order of sounds /æks/ in place of /æsk/

Answer 355

The absence of /θ/ or /ð/ It is often replaced with a dentalized /t/ or /d/, sometimes /f/ or /v/

Answer 356

Only occurs word final /θo͞ʊ/ for "throw /flɑ:də/ for "Florida"

Answer 357

/l/ is changed to a vowel /fio/ or /fiə/ for "feel"

Answer 358

/ʃr/ and /str/ are changed to /sr/ "Shrimp" becomes /srɪmp/ "Street" becomes /skrit/ "Test" becomes /tɛs/

Answer 359

When a diphthong is changed to a monophthong

Answer 360

/ju/ is changed to /u/ "Computer" becomes /kəmputə/