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Phonetics > Intro to Phonetics (SHS 250) > Flashcards

Intro to Phonetics (SHS 250) Flashcards

1
Q

Abduction

A

Apart

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2
Q

Addition

A

Inserting an unnecessary phoneme

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3
Q

Adduction

A

Together

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5
Q

Affricates

A

A stop combined with a fricative

Often used in African languages and in German

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6
Q

Allographs

A

Different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme

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7
Q

Allophone

A

Variations of a phoneme but considered the same phoneme

A variation of a phoneme that doesn’t change the meaning

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9
Q

Common Allophones for Consonants

in Standard American English

A

Aspirated Consonants

Unreleased Consonants

Velarized /l̰/

Devoicing

Alvealor Flap /Ը/

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10
Q

Alphabet

A

A set of letters and other characters that are used for writing in a specific language

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11
Q

Why do we need a phonetic alphabet?

5

A

(1) There is one symbol for one sound = isomorphism
(2) The sound is written the same across languages
(3) It shows all sounds that must be pronounced
(4) The symbols doesn’t change
(5) There are no silent letters

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13
Q

Alvealor Flap /Ը/

A

Happens when the /t/ or /d/ occurs between vowels or between a vowel and a syllabic nasal or liquid

Writer & Rider = /rɑ͞ɪԸɚ/ - or- /rɑ͞ɪԸṛ/
Patty & Paddy = /pæԸɪ/

Better buy the butter, we’ll get the ladder later

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14
Q

Alveolar Ridge

/ælˈvi(ə)lər/ , /ˈˌælviˈoʊlər/

A

The jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate

Its surface is covered with little ridges.

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19
Q

(Alveo)palatals

A

Can be articulated using the blade of the tongue & the palate

  • OR -

Can be articulated using the center of the tongue & the palate

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20
Q

Two Subgroups of (Alveo)palatals

A

Alveopalatals

Palatals

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21
Q

Anticipatory

A

Most common type of assimilation in English

Occurs when a sound is altered in anticipation of the sound to follow

Can show shingling or blending

input = [ ɪmpʊt ]
tenth = [ tɛn̪θ ]
ASU becomes [ e͞ɪɛʃu ]

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22
Q

Manner of Articulation

A

How a sound is formed

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23
Q

Possible Manners of Articulation

A

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

Nasals

Liquids

Glides

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24
Q

Place of Articulation

A

Where a sound is formed

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25
Q

Possible Places of Articulation

A

Bilabial

Labiodental

Interdental

(Lingua)Aveolar

Alveopalatal

Velar

Glottal

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26
Q

Articulators

1+5

A

Moving structures of the oral tract that are used to produce sounds

Tongue
Jaw
Velum
Lips
Pharyngeal Walls
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29
Q

Aspiration

A

When an interval of friction (such a puff of air or /h/) accompanies a stop

Voiceless stops are always somewhat aspirated unless following /s/ especially if they are releasing sounds

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29
Q

Assimilation

A

The change of a sound segment whereby it takes on characteristics of neighboring sounds

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30
Q

Types of Assimilation

A

Shingling/Spreading

Blending/Co-Production

Anticipatory

Retentive Assimilation

Reduplication

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31
Q

Retentive Assimilation

A

A sound that retains characteristics of a sound that has proceeded it

me = /mĩ/ 
try = /tr̥ɑ͞ɪ/
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32
Q

Aspirated Consonants

A

/p/, /t/ , & /k/

Can be aspirated in word initial position

/pͪ/, /tͪ/ , & /kͪ/

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33
Q

Bilabials

A

Articulated using both Lips

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34
Q

Blending

Co-Production

A

As if the proximity of two words to each other creates a fusion in which a hybrid sound is created

ASU = /e͞ɪ/ /ɛs/ /ju/ becomes [ e͞ɪɛʃu ]

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35
Q

Breath Group

3

A

A sequence of words and/or syllables produced on a single expiration.

Usually 10 seconds long in normal conversation

Usually occurs in syntactically appropriate places like at the end of a clause

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37
Q

Bunched

A

Type of articulation of /r/ where the tongue’s blade is elevated towards the palate and the tip is down

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38
Q

F1-F2 Chart

F1-F2 Graph

A

Articulatory vowel space map

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39
Q

Clicks

A

Stops produced with ingressive air flow

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40
Q

Coarticulation

A

When the sound is produced differently because of the influence of sounds in its phonetic context

The overlapping of adjacent articulations

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41
Q

Coda

A

The arresting consonant

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42
Q

Linguistic Complexity

1+4

A

A scale rating the difficulty of producing speech

isolated sound
               |
sound within a word
               |
sound within a sentence
               |
continuous speech
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43
Q

Response Complexity

A

Are we looking for a single sound or multiple sounds?

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44
Q

Cognate

A

Voiced & Voiceless Pairs

/b/ vs /p/

/g/ vs. /k/

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45
Q

Consonants

A

A speech sound that is produced with a significant constriction of the oral/pharyngeal cavities

Consonants generally are not syllable nuclei - except under certain circumstances

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47
Q

Three Dimensions of Consonants

A

Voice or Unvoiced?

Place of Articulation

Manner or Articulation

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48
Q

Minimal Contrasts

A

Two morphemes differing in only one sound segment (pit, bit, mitt, etc.)

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49
Q

Deletion

A

Not producing a required sound

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49
Q

Dentalized

A

A sound made by the tongue touching the teeth

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50
Q

Derhotacization

A

Where an r-colored vowel loses some or all of its r-color

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53
Q

Devoicing

A

Stops and fricatives become partially devoiced at the end of words

/b̥/, /d̥/, /g̥/, /v̥/, /ð̥/, /z̥/, /ʒ̥/, /ʤ̥/

Liquids, glides, and nasals can become devoiced after voiceless sounds

/m̥/, /n̥/, /ŋ̥/, /l̥/, /r̥/, /j̥/, & /w̥/

/pl̥e͞ɪ/
/sw̥ɪm/
/sn̥o͞ʊ/

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54
Q

Diagraphs

A

Two or more alphabetic characters that represent a single sound

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55
Q

Dialect

3

A

A subset within a language

Patterns of use based on regional or social boundaries

Patterns of phoneme use and/or word choice and grammar use.

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56
Q

Regional Dialects

A

Dialects characteristic of people living in a certain region

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57
Q

Dictionary

A

A list of a language’s words

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58
Q

Diphthongs

3

A

A vowel with a gradual transition from one vowel-like articulation to another

Represented by a pair of symbols

Examples:
- The vowel sounds in “cow”, “bait”, or “slow”

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61
Q

Phonemic Diphthongs

A

/ɑɪ/

/ɔɪ/

/aʊ/

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62
Q

Phonetic Diphthongs

A

/eɪ/

/oʊ/

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63
Q

Diphthongization

A

When a vowel that is normal produced as a monophthong is articulated as a diphthong

Example:
Southern Dialects

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64
Q

Distortion

A

Not pronouncing a phoneme correctly

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65
Q

Complementary Distribution

A

Allophones that occur due to placement in word (Pat vs. maP, beginning letters will most likely be aspirated)

Allophones are predictable in complementary distribution

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66
Q

Egressive

A

Sounds produced by air exiting the lungs.

All English sounds are egressive.

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68
Q

Ejective

A

A stop made with a glottalic, egressive airstream

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69
Q

Radiated Acoustic Energy

A

The sound that leaves the mouth and reaches the ears

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70
Q

Epiglottis

3

A

It guards the entrance of the glottis

A flap of cartilage located in the throat behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.

Usually upright to allow air to pass but will folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs.

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73
Q

Flap

A

One tap trill

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74
Q

Formants

A

Particular sets of resonators

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75
Q

Formant Frequency

A

The frequency at the center/midpoint of the formant’s energy band

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78
Q

Fundamental Frequency

6

A

F₀

The rate of vocal fold vibration

Measured in Hertz

High frequency = high pitch, low frequency = low pitch

The frequency of vibration decreases with age and maturity of the vocal track

The frequency of vibration also associated with mass

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79
Q

Fricatives

A

Constricted air passage created friction like sound called friction or turbulence

Continuous flow of air

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80
Q

A more intense fricative is called a…

A

Sibilant

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81
Q

Geminate

A

Sounds that occur as a pair

Examples:

- booKKeeper
- saD Day
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83
Q

Glides

A

Similar to liquids in degree of constriction

Different in that each sound starts out in near vowel position and like a diphthong is gradually glided to the final position

The glide describes the sound of transition

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84
Q

Glottals

A

Articulated using only the larynx/vocal chords

Supralaryngeal structures can be in any position, as long as there is not constriction

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85
Q

Glottis

A

For this class, the vocal folds

Actually the opening between the folds

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86
Q

Graphemes

A

Alphabet letters

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87
Q

Hard palate

A

The thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth.

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88
Q

Hertz

A

Hz

The number of complete cycles per second.

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89
Q

Homorganic

A

Sounds that share the same PLACE of articulation

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89
Q

Homotypic

A

Sounds that share the same MANNER of articulation

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90
Q

Ideo-

A

Personal, distinct

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91
Q

Ideolect

A

One’s personal, unique form of spoken language

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92
Q

Voiced Implosives

A

Sound made with a glottalic, ingressive airstream

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93
Q

Ingressive

A

Sounds produced by air entering the lungs

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95
Q

Interdentals

A

Articulated using the tongue tip & the teeth

Can train by instructing someone to place their tongue in between teeth and blow

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96
Q

Intonation

3

A

What marks sentences as declarative or interrogative

Places emphasis on certain words

Signifies emotions and attitudes

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97
Q

IPA

3

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

The standard phonetic Alphabet

It provides cross linguistic consistency

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99
Q

Labiodentals

A

Articulated by placing teeth on lip

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100
Q

Language

A

A system that uses sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate

Each element can be broken into areas of more detailed study

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101
Q

“Taxonomy” of Language

6

A

(1) Conversation: Sentences
(2) Phrases
(3) Words
(4) Morphemes
(5) Phonemes
(6) Allophones

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102
Q

Larynx

4

A

“Voice box”

Mostly made of cartilage & muscles

Housed between the trachea and the hyoid bone; includes the thyroid cartilage as well as other cartilages and muscles

Houses the vocal folds

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103
Q

Lax

A

Vowels with less muscular activity and less duration

/ɪ/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ʊ/ + central vowels

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104
Q

-lect

A

Choose

Read

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105
Q

Lexicon

A

A list of a language’s morphemes

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107
Q

Lingua-

A

Tongue

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108
Q

(Lingua)Alveolars

A

Produced by the tongue tip touching the alveolar ridge (not teeth)

Can train by instructing don’t touch your teeth

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109
Q

Lips

4

A

Open and close (Pop)

Round and/or protrude (yOU)

Supported by jaw

Lower lip usually moves more than the upper lip

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114
Q

Liquids

A

Doesn’t have a specific place of articulation

Vocal tract constricted only somewhat more than for vowels

Variability of precise point of contact for articulators - you could say that it is fluid

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115
Q

Two Types of Liquids

A

Lateral Liquids

Rhotic Liquids

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116
Q

Lateral Liquids

A

Aveolar contact

Dorsum /o/-like position

Lateral opening for airflow

(Meaning that air comes out from the sides of the tongue)

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117
Q

Rhotic Liquids

A

Palatal constriction

Retroflex or bunched articulation with the tip down & blade elevated

Can also be produced with the tongue tip curled back slightly but not quite touching the alveolar ridege

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118
Q

Mandible

A

The jaw

Contributes to the movements of the tongue and the lower lip

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119
Q

Diacritic Marks

3

A

Marks that are used to notate the variations in phoneme pronunciation

Indicate subtle phonetic differences

Symbolize allophonic variation

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120
Q

Mono-

A

One

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121
Q

Monophthong

/məˈnɑpˌθɑŋ/

(4)

A

A pure vowel

A single, unchained vowel sound

Represented by a single IPA symbol

Examples:
- The vowel in “bit” or “head”

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122
Q

Monophthongization

A

When a diphthong is produced as a monophthong

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123
Q

Morphs

4

A

Morpheme-like or fake morphemes

Have no linguistic meaning

Are used as a connectors,

Example: “drunkometer”

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124
Q

Morpheme

A

The smallest unit of language that still carries semantic interpretation

Examples:

- Anti-
- Cat
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125
Q

Morphemics

Morphology

A

The study of morphemes

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126
Q

Morphology

A

The study of the structure of words

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128
Q

Nasals

A

Airflow goes through the nasal cavity (velopharyngeal port in open position)

All are voiced

Contract of articulators in oral cavity shapes and produces unique sound based on place of articulation

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129
Q

Nasalization

A

When the velopharynx is open to some to degree in a sound where it is normally closed.

Usually this is because of a preceding or following sound.

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131
Q

Obstruent

A

There is closure of the vocal tract, stopping or interfering with airflow

 - Stops
 - Fricatives
 - Affricates
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132
Q

Offglide

A

The second vowel sound in a diphthong

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133
Q

Omission

A

Not producing a required sound

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134
Q

Onglide

A

The first vowel sound in a diphthong

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135
Q

Onset

A

The releasing consonant

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136
Q

Minimal Pairs

A

Two morphemes differing in only one sound segment (pit, bit, mitt, etc.)

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137
Q

Pharyngeal Wall

A

Part of the Pharnyx

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138
Q

Pharynx

Pharyngeal Cavity

(3)

A

Directly above larynx, behind the mouth, and under the nasal cavity

Basically a muscular tube

Divides into oral & nasal cavities

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139
Q

Phone

A

An individual speech sound

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140
Q

Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound that can change the difference between morphemes

Differs across languages

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141
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the perception and production of speech sounds

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142
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

The study of phonetics with respect to the physics of sound

The study of phonetics with respect to the acoustic properties of sound

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143
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

The study of phonetics with emphasis on the position and movement of the articulators

The study of how sounds are formed.

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144
Q

Clinical Phonetics

A

Phonetics as it apples to disorders

Phonetics as it relates to the professional concern of SLPs

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145
Q

Phonology

3

A

The study of

The pattern of speech sounds

The sound systems

The structure and function of sounds
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146
Q

-Phthongos

A

Voice

Sound

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147
Q

Postvocalic

A

A sound occurring after a given vowel

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148
Q

Prevocalic

A

The sound before a given vowel.

This is usually a consonant.

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151
Q

Prevoiced

A

Vocal fold vibrations begin before stop is released

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152
Q

Pulmonic

A

Air is coming out of the lungs

All English sounds are pulmonic

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153
Q

Reduction

A

Reducing the stress level of a vowel or relaxing its tenseness

in conversational speech

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154
Q

Reduplication

A

The second syllable becomes a repetition the first

bottle = /bɑbɑ/

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155
Q

Resonator

A

Something that reinforces certain aspects of a sound

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156
Q

Retroflex

A

Turning or turned back

Type of articulation of /r/ where the tongue is midcentral and the tip is raised and tipped back slightly

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157
Q

Five Way Scoring

5

A 
Looking at ...
	Right or wrong pronunciation?
	Deletion or Omission?
	Substitution?
	Distortion?
	Addition?
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158
Q

Two Way Scoring

A

The simplest scoring method

Basically, is this one phoneme being pronounced correctly or incorrectly?

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159
Q

Semantics

A

The study of the meaning of words and sentences

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160
Q

Shingling

Spreading

A

As if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds, much like a gas or cast a shadow over neighboring sounds - coloring them

input = [ ɪmpʊt ]
tenth = [ tɛn̪θ ]
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161
Q

Sibilant (Strident)

A

Sound that has a high and loud frequency vibration to it

Mainly: /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, & /ʤ/

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162
Q

Non-Sibilants

A

/h/, /θ/, & /ð/

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163
Q

Sonorant

A

Everything that is not a obstruent

A speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract

 - Nasals
 - Glides
 - Liquids
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164
Q

Arresting Sound

A

The sound at the end of the word

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165
Q

Final Sound

A

A sound located at the end of the word

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166
Q

Initial Sound

A

A sound located at the beginning of a word

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167
Q

Medial Sound

A

A sound located in the middle of the word

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168
Q

Oral Radiation of Sound

A

The way sound energy enters the oral cavity

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168
Q

Nasal Radiation of Sound

A

The way sound energy enters the nasal cavity

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169
Q

Releasing Sound

A

The sound at the beginning of the word

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170
Q

Target Sound

A

The phoneme being scored

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174
Q

Spectogram

A

A visual look at the formants in acoustic analysis

A three dimensional display of sound

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175
Q

Spectrum

A

Graph of energy versus frequency

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176
Q

Speech

A

A pattern of sounds produced by movement of the speech organs

A pattern of acoustic vibrations

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177
Q

Speech articulation is…

A

Flexible and adaptive.

The typical formation of a sound and its actual formation varies with the phonetic context of the sound

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178
Q

Speech Community

A

A group of people living within the same geographic boundaries who use the same language

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180
Q

Stops

A

Formed by a complete temporary closure to the vocal tract

Air is completely stopped behind articulators then released all at once

Also called plosives

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181
Q

Stop Burst

A

Short burst of noise that occurs when impounded air from a stop consonant is released

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182
Q

Substitution

A

Replacing the correct phoneme with an incorrect phoneme

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183
Q

Closed Syllable

A

Ends in a consonant

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184
Q

Syllabary

A

A phonetic writing system that uses symbols to represent syllables (instead of individual phonemes)

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185
Q

Open Syllable

A

Does not end in a consonant

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186
Q

Phonetic Symbols

A

Symbols that are used to represent allophones and other phonetic variations of phonemes

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187
Q

Syntax

A

The study of the way words combine to form sentences

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188
Q

Laryngeal System

3

A

Sound source = Larynx (“voice box”)

Sound is produced by the vibrations of the vocal folds (chords) as air sets them in motion

Vibration is necessary for sound

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190
Q

Respiratory System

5

A

The air source

Lungs

Trachea & air passages

Ribcage & abdomen

Thoracic muscles

Inhalation & expiration
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191
Q

Three Roles of Respiratory System

3

A

Drawing in air by muscle contractions which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Respiratory muscles release air into larynx & supralaryngeal system in order to produce speech

Respiratory muscles provide additional pulses of energy by a forceful squeezing of the thoracic cavity. This is usually used for special emphasis or loudness.

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192
Q

Supralaryngeal System

4

A

Sound filter

Everything above larynx

Filters and shapes sound as it travels

Has three cavities
Pharyngeal
Oral - sound only goes through oral cavity
Nasal - sound goes through both nasal and oral cavity

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193
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

The hinge where your jaw meets your skull

194
Q

Tense

A

Vowels with greater muscular activity and longer duration

/i/ /e/ /u/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɑ/

196
Q

Source-Filter Theory

A

Energy from the source (larynx) is filtered by the resonances of the vocal tract.

197
Q

Thomas Hixon on Speech

A

Speech is the process of gradually making oneself smaller

198
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Chest cavity

199
Q

Tongue

2+4

A

Muscular organ with no internal skeleton, but who gets some skeletal support from the jaw and the hyoid bone.

Is connected to the

Skull
Palate
Pharynx
Epiglottis
200
Q

Five (Six?) Parts of the Tongue

6

A

Body

Tip

Blade

Center - Dorsum

Back - Dorsum

Root

201
Q

Tongue Height

A

The relative, vertical position of the tongue

202
Q

Tongue Advancement

A

The front to back positioning of the tongue when producing vowels

Front Center Back

203
Q

Blade of the Tongue

3

A

Located just behind the tip

Makes constrictions for a small number of sounds like “th” or “sh”

Helps shape the tongue for other speech sounds

204
Q

Body of the Tongue

A

The primary bulk of the tongue

205
Q

Dorsum of the Tongue

A

The Center and the Back

A rather large portion of your tongue that connects with both the hard palate (Center) and the soft palate (Back)

206
Q

Root of the Tongue

A

The long segment that forms the front wall of the larynx

Is not used to make consonants in English, but is important for vowel formation

207
Q

Tip of the Tongue

A

The apex of the tongue

50% of English consonants use the tip of the tongue

208
Q

Trachea

A

Air pipe

Connects the lungs to the larynx

209
Q

Transcription

A

Using symbols to represent the production of speech sounds.

210
Q

Broad Transcription

3

A

General detail

Written in basic phonemes

Written in slashes /x/

211
Q

Narrow Transcription

3

A

Fine detail

Written exactly how it was said using diacritic marks

Written in brackets [x]

211
Q

Phonemic Transcription

A

The identification of phonemes

/written in slashes/

212
Q

Phonetic Transcription

A

The identification of allophones

[written in brackets]

The highest level of scoring.

212
Q

Trill

A

A flow of air that is directed between two articulators that are held together with just enough tension to produce vibration

214
Q

Unreleased Consonants

A

/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, & /g/

Can be unrealeased at the the end of words

/p̚/, /b̚/, /t̚/, /d̚/, /k̚/, & /g̚/͏

215
Q

Uvula

A

The tip of the velum

The thing that hangs down in the back of your throat

216
Q

Free Variation

3

A

Allophones that can be exchange with other allophones where both are correct

Allophones that are random with no pattern

These can each occur for emphasis, etc.

216
Q

Velars

A

Articulated using the dorsum of the tongue & the velum

217
Q

Subgroup of Velars

A

Labiovelars

219
Q

Velarized /l̰/

A

Occurs when /l/ is after a vowel and in word final position:

Also called “dark /l/”

Can occur without anterior contact

pull = /pʊl̰/

220
Q

Velum

Soft Palate

A

Presses against the back and side walls of pharynx to close off the nasal cavity.

It lowers to open nasal cavity

220
Q

Velopharyngeal Port

A

The opening between the oral pharyngeal and nasal cavities

221
Q

Vocal Folds

8

A

Small cushions of muscles

Bilateral muscles

3/4 inches long in males, but shorter in women and in children

Attaches to the “Adam’s Apple”

Kept apart during breathing, but is brought together to vibrate when we speak.

Can vibrate with both egressive and ingressive air flow

Open from the top and close at the bottom.

Can open 100+ times a second

222
Q

Vocal Fold Vibration

3

A

When vocal folds are adducted, (but not completely or it would block air flow) the folds vibrate causing pulses of air

The rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds is what creates voice

The rate of vocal fold vibration is called fundamental frequency - F₀

222
Q

Upper Surface of the Vocal Tract

8

A

Lip

Teeth

Alveolar ridge

Hard palate

Velum

Uvula

Pharyngeal wall

Glottis (for this class, the vocal folds)

222
Q

Lower Surface of the Vocal Tract

4

A

Lip

Teeth

Mandible (jaw)

Tongue

222
Q

Voice Onset Time

A

The interval between articulation (of a consonant) and onset of voicing

In English, VOT is longer after voiceless stops than after voiced stops

223
Q

Voicing

A

Vibration of the vocal folds during sound production

224
Q

Vowel

4

A

A speech sound formed without a significant construction of air flow (in the oral and pharangyeal cavities)

Vowels usually serve as the syllable nucleus

Vowels are usually longer than consonants

American English vowels are voiced, unless whispered. This is not true across languages

224
Q

Vowels before voiced consonants are…

A

…usually lengthened

225
Q

The Four Areas of Vowel Specificity

7

A

Front-Back Continuum

High-Low Continuum

Tense-Lax Pairs

Lip Rounding: + or -

- These terms can only provide a conceptual framework.
- They are based on measurement, but it not exact science
- These terms can be considered relative to each other
225
Q

High Vowels

A

Vowels produced in the highest position with the tongue closest to the roof of the mouth

226
Q

High Front Vowels

A

/i/ heat

226
Q

High Back Vowels

A

/u/ hoot

226
Q

Low Vowels

A

Vowels produced in the lowest position with the tongue depressed in mouth

227
Q

Low Front Vowels

A

/æ/ hat

227
Q

Low Back Vowels

A

/ɑ/ hot

228
Q

Point Vowel

Corner Vowel

A

A vowel produced in the extreme corner of the vowel quadrilateral

/i/ for example

229
Q

Rhotacized Vowel

R-Colored Vowel

Retroflex Vowel

A

Vowel that takes on some qualities of /r/

230
Q

Rounded Vowels

A

Vowels produced with the lips in a pursed and protruded state

/u/ /ʊ/ /o/ /ɔ/ /ɝ/ /ɚ/

230
Q

Unrounded Vowels

A

Vowels formed without pursing or protrusion of the lips

/i/ /ɪ/ /e/ /ɛ/ /æ/ /ɑ/ /ʌ/ /ə/

All front vowels + /ɑ/ /ʌ/ /ə/
230
Q

Vowel Series - Front

Describe

A

All are unrounded with the tongue positioned in front

All front vowels are unrounded in English

/i/

/ɪ/

/e/

/ɛ/

/æ/
230
Q

Vowel Series - Central

Describe

A

The tongue body is in the center. Rounding varies.

230
Q

Vowel Series - Back

Describe

A

All but /ɑ/ are rounded. The tongue is positioned in back.

/u/

/ʊ/

/o/ or /oʊ/

/ɔ/

/ɑ/

230
Q

What Vowel Series occurs most often in Standard American English?

A

Front Vowels

231
Q

Acoustic Vowel Space

A

A graphical method of showing where a speech sound is located

Graphs both “acoustic” & “articulatory” space.

231
Q

/w/ & /ʍ/

A

Have two places of articulation

 - Labial
 - Velar
231
Q

/m/ is produced in the same fashion as…

A

/b/ & /p/

Except velopharnyx is open

232
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

The parts of speech beyond phonemes

A catagory

233
Q

Prosody

A

Tone

Intonation

Stress

Timing

Rhythm

Loudness

Tempo

234
Q

Melody

A

Is sometimes used as a synonym for “prosody”, but it’s not the same

235
Q

Intonation

A

Pattern or melody of continuing pitch changes

236
Q

Pitch Level

A

Relative level of pitch across the entire utterance

237
Q

Intonation Contour

Pitch Contour

A

????

238
Q

Pitch Declination

Sentence Declination

A

The overall fall in pitch over an entire utterance

We usually start at a higher pitch which is gradually reduced

This signals the end of a sentence or phrase

239
Q

Linear Declination Theory

A

Pitch falls gradually and linearly throughout a sentence or claus

240
Q

Breath Group Theory

A

A declarative sentence can be broken into nonterminal and terminal parts

Variation in pitch are only permitted in the terminal parts

241
Q

Fall of pitch and intensity at the end of a breath group…

A

…is an important acoustic syntactical clue

242
Q

Pitch Resetting

A

Pitch can be reset to start at a higher level

This signals that a new syntactical unit is being produced

243
Q

Stress

A

Degree of emphasis associated with a particular syllable in a word

Degree of emphasis associated with a particular word in a phrase, clause or sentence

244
Q

Stress can be conveyed by…

A

Pitch

Intensity

Duration

245
Q

Contrastive Stress

A

When we deviate from the usual or expected stress patterns in an utterance

It is used to draw attention to a particular element (syllable, word, etc.)

246
Q

Lexical Stress

A

The stress pattern intrinsic to a word

247
Q

Phrasal Stress

A

Stress that is not uniform

248
Q

New vs. Given Information

A

We use prosody to highlight words that represent new information

249
Q

Tempo

A

Syllable/Minute -or- Words/Minute

Tempo can be looked at as a whole (fast, medium, or slow speech)

It can also change within a speech sample

250
Q

Tempo can be changed to…

A

…convey emotion, the communication setting, etc.

251
Q

What are durations like when the tempo is slow?

A

Longer

252
Q

What are durations like when the tempo is fast?

A

Shorter

253
Q

How are vowels affected when the tempo is fast?

A

Stressed vowels are better preserved than unstressed ones

254
Q

Undershoot

A

When speaking fast, we may reduce the extent of articulation movement of a sound

255
Q

Rhythm

A

Distribution of events in time

256
Q

Isochrony

A

Speech units that have about the same duration

257
Q

Stress-Timed Rhythm

A

Stressed syllables are longer than unstressed syllables

This is common in languages such as English, German, and Dutch

258
Q

Syllable-Timed Rhythm

A

Syllables are the same length no matter the stress

This is common in languages such as Spanish & French

259
Q

Mora-Timed Rhythm

A

Sound determines the syllable weight which determines the stress

260
Q

Pause

Juncture

A

Periods of silence

261
Q

What is accomplished by pauses (junctures)?

A

It marks the boundaries between phrases & clauses

Hesitations while retrieving a word or organizing thought

Increase the sense of anticipation (Pause for Effect)

262
Q

Boundary Effects

Edge Effects

A

Phonological or phonetic characteristics that appear at the margin of a linguistical unit.

Seems to help the listener parse speech into grammatical constituents

263
Q

Loudness

A

The perceived magnitude of sound

264
Q

Vocal Effect

A

Changes based on the distance between the speaker and the listener

265
Q

Motherese

A

Infant-Directed Speech

Has a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and increased word repetition

266
Q

Clear Speech

A

Used when we really want to be understood in a difficult listening situation

Typically has a greater pitch variation, a slowed rate, stronger articulation, and larger vowel movement

267
Q

Conversational Speech

A

Faster rate

Smaller range of articulatory movement

Deletion of some unstressed syllables

268
Q

Paralanguage

A

The parts of speech beyond segmental rep and prosody

Non-verbal properties that convey emotion, attitude, & demeanor

269
Q

Does non-verbal mean non-vocal?

A

No

270
Q

What separates conversation from the speech of something like a radio broadcast?

A

Characteristics related to emotion, speaking style, voice quality, and voice qualifications

271
Q

Vocal Qualifier

A

The technical term for the tone of voice used to convey emotion

272
Q

Vocal Diffentiator

A

The vocal expression of emotion including crying & laughing

273
Q

Vocal Identifier

A

Sound that is not necessarily a word but can still express meaning

274
Q

Pitch is related to….

A

Fundamental Frequency

275
Q

What can stress alter?

A

Vowel & consonantal articulation

The articulatory movement becomes larger and the articulatory positions become more extreme

276
Q

Rhyme

A

Comprised of the nucleus and an optional coda

277
Q

Nucleus

A

Vowel element of a syllable

278
Q

Syllable

A

Onset & Rhyme

Nucleus & Coda

279
Q

What are phoneme sequencing constraints?

A

The consonant clusters not allowed in a particular language

280
Q

How can syllables be categorized?

A

As heavy or light

281
Q

How are sounds classified?

A

As sonorants & non-sonorants

In reality, there difference between the two is more of a spectrum than all-or-none

282
Q

Young children often omit…

A

…unstressed syllables

283
Q

Prosody Profile

A

PROP

Designed to profile prosodic disability by…

 - Tone Units
 - Tones
 - Tonicity
284
Q

Tone Units

A

The organization of connected speech into clauses, phrases, & words

285
Q

Tones

A

Elemental components from which tone units are constructed

286
Q

Tonicity

A

Tonic placement

287
Q

Prosody-Voice Screening Profile

A

PVSP

Qualifies deviant prosody & voice

Each utterance is scored as appropriate or inappropriate

288
Q

Profiling Element of Prosodic Systems - Child Version

A

PEPS-C

Examines both input and output of prosody interaction, affect, chunking, and focus

289
Q

Interaction

A

Use of intonation to mark boundaries at conversational turn-ends

This indicates what kind of response is required or expected

290
Q

Affect

A

Intonation that expresses mood, emotion, or attitude

291
Q

Chunking

A

Prosodic grouping of words that “chunks” speech

292
Q

Focus

A

Communicating focal information by prosody

293
Q

What system did the IPA adopt for transcribing voice quality?

A

Laver’s System

294
Q

Coarticulation

A

A sound being influenced by the sounds around it

295
Q

Diacritics

A

Accent & pronunciation marks

296
Q

Where are tongue position diacritic symbols located?

A

Directly under the phoneme

297
Q

Where are lip position diacritic symbols located?

A

Over the phoneme

Under stress symbols

Under nasal symbols

298
Q

Where are onglide diacritic symbols located?

A

In the upper lefthand corner of phoneme

299
Q

Where are stress diacritic symbols located?

A

Over the phoneme

300
Q

Where are nasal diacritic symbols located?

A

Over the phoneme

Under stress symbols

301
Q

Where are sound source & larynx diacritic symbols located?

A

Under the phoneme

Under tongue position symbols

302
Q

Where are syllabic syllable diacritic symbols located?

A

Under the phoneme

Under tongue position symbols

Under sound source symbols

303
Q

Where are offglide diacritic symbols located?

A

In the upper righthand corner of the phoneme

304
Q

Where are stop-release diacritic symbols located?

A

In the upper righthand corner of phoneme

305
Q

Where are timing diacritic symbols located?

A

To the right of phoneme

306
Q

Where are juncture diacritic symbols located?

A

To the right of phoneme

To the right of timing symbols

307
Q

Why do individuals with Cleft Palate (or other velopharyngeal deficiencies) often have nasal emissions in their speech?

A

They cannot close their velopharyngeal port tightly

308
Q

Nasal Symbols

A

Nasalized

Nasal Emission

Denasalized

309
Q

Lip Symbols

A

Rounded Vowel

Unrounded Vowel

Labialized Consonant

Nonlabialized Consonant

Inverted Lip

310
Q

Tongue Symbols

A

Dentalized

Palatalized

Lateralized

Rhotacized

Velarized

Centralized

Retracted

Advanced

Raised

Lowered

Fronted

Backed

Derhotacized

311
Q

Sound Source Symbols

A

Partially Voiced

Partially Devoiced

Glottalized (Creaky Voice)

Breathy (Murmured)

Frictionalized

Whistled (Hissed)

Trilled

312
Q

Stop-Release Symbols

A

Aspirated

Unaspirated

Unreleased

313
Q

Timing & Juncture Symbols

A

Lengthened

Shortened

Close Juncture

Syllabic Open Juncture

Internal Open Juncture

Falling Terminal Juncture

Rising Terminal Juncture

Checked (Held) Juncture

314
Q

Spondees

A

Two syllable words that have equal stress on both syllables

315
Q

Syllabification

A

When a consonant serves as a syllable nucleus

316
Q

Suprasegmentals

A

The parts of speech beyond phonemes

A catagory

317
Q

Prosody

A

Tone

Intonation

Stress

Timing

Rhythm

Loudness

Tempo

318
Q

Melody

A

Is sometimes used as a synonym for “prosody”, but it’s not the same

319
Q

Intonation

A

Pattern or melody of continuing pitch changes

320
Q

Pitch Level

A

Relative level of pitch across the entire utterance

321
Q

Intonation Contour

Pitch Contour

A

????

322
Q

Pitch Declination

Sentence Declination

A

The overall fall in pitch over an entire utterance

We usually start at a higher pitch which is gradually reduced

This signals the end of a sentence or phrase

323
Q

Linear Declination Theory

A

Pitch falls gradually and linearly throughout a sentence or claus

324
Q

Breath Group Theory

A

A declarative sentence can be broken into nonterminal and terminal parts

Variation in pitch are only permitted in the terminal parts

325
Q

Fall of pitch and intensity at the end of a breath group…

A

…is an important acoustic syntactical clue

326
Q

Pitch Resetting

A

Pitch can be reset to start at a higher level

This signals that a new syntactical unit is being produced

327
Q

Stress

A

Degree of emphasis associated with a particular syllable in a word

Degree of emphasis associated with a particular word in a phrase, clause or sentence

328
Q

Stress can be conveyed by…

A

Pitch

Intensity

Duration

329
Q

Contrastive Stress

A

When we deviate from the usual or expected stress patterns in an utterance

It is used to draw attention to a particular element (syllable, word, etc.)

330
Q

Lexical Stress

A

The stress pattern intrinsic to a word

331
Q

Phrasal Stress

A

Stress that is not uniform

332
Q

New vs. Given Information

A

We use prosody to highlight words that represent new information

333
Q

Tempo

A

Syllable/Minute -or- Words/Minute

Tempo can be looked at as a whole (fast, medium, or slow speech)

It can also change within a speech sample

334
Q

Tempo can be changed to…

A

…convey emotion, the communication setting, etc.

335
Q

What are durations like when the tempo is slow?

A

Longer

336
Q

What are durations like when the tempo is fast?

A

Shorter

337
Q

How are vowels affected when the tempo is fast?

A

Stressed vowels are better preserved than unstressed ones

338
Q

Undershoot

A

When speaking fast, we may reduce the extent of articulation movement of a sound

339
Q

Rhythm

A

Distribution of events in time

340
Q

Isochrony

A

Speech units that have about the same duration

341
Q

Stress-Timed Rhythm

A

Stressed syllables are longer than unstressed syllables

This is common in languages such as English, German, and Dutch

342
Q

Syllable-Timed Rhythm

A

Syllables are the same length no matter the stress

This is common in languages such as Spanish & French

343
Q

Mora-Timed Rhythm

A

Sound determines the syllable weight which determines the stress

344
Q

Pause

Juncture

A

Periods of silence

345
Q

What is accomplished by pauses (junctures)?

A

It marks the boundaries between phrases & clauses

Hesitations while retrieving a word or organizing thought

Increase the sense of anticipation (Pause for Effect)

346
Q

Boundary Effects

Edge Effects

A

Phonological or phonetic characteristics that appear at the margin of a linguistical unit.

Seems to help the listener parse speech into grammatical constituents

347
Q

Loudness

A

The perceived magnitude of sound

348
Q

Vocal Effect

A

Changes based on the distance between the speaker and the listener

349
Q

Motherese

A

Infant-Directed Speech

Has a higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and increased word repetition

350
Q

Clear Speech

A

Used when we really want to be understood in a difficult listening situation

Typically has a greater pitch variation, a slowed rate, stronger articulation, and larger vowel movement

351
Q

Conversational Speech

A

Faster rate

Smaller range of articulatory movement

Deletion of some unstressed syllables

352
Q

Paralanguage

A

The parts of speech beyond segmental rep and prosody

Non-verbal properties that convey emotion, attitude, & demeanor

353
Q

Does non-verbal mean non-vocal?

A

No

354
Q

What separates conversation from the speech of something like a radio broadcast?

A

Characteristics related to emotion, speaking style, voice quality, and voice qualifications

355
Q

Vocal Qualifier

A

The technical term for the tone of voice used to convey emotion

356
Q

Vocal Diffentiator

A

The vocal expression of emotion including crying & laughing

357
Q

Vocal Identifier

A

Sound that is not necessarily a word but can still express meaning

358
Q

Pitch is related to….

A

Fundamental Frequency

359
Q

What can stress alter?

A

Vowel & consonantal articulation

The articulatory movement becomes larger and the articulatory positions become more extreme

360
Q

Rhyme

A

Comprised of the nucleus and an optional coda

361
Q

Nucleus

A

Vowel element of a syllable

362
Q

Syllable

A

Onset & Rhyme

Nucleus & Coda

363
Q

What are phoneme sequencing constraints?

A

The consonant clusters not allowed in a particular language

364
Q

How can syllables be categorized?

A

As heavy or light

365
Q

How are sounds classified?

A

As sonorants & non-sonorants

In reality, there difference between the two is more of a spectrum than all-or-none

366
Q

Young children often omit…

A

…unstressed syllables

367
Q

Prosody Profile

A

PROP

Designed to profile prosodic disability by…

 - Tone Units
 - Tones
 - Tonicity
368
Q

Tone Units

A

The organization of connected speech into clauses, phrases, & words

369
Q

Tones

A

Elemental components from which tone units are constructed

370
Q

Tonicity

A

Tonic placement

371
Q

Prosody-Voice Screening Profile

A

PVSP

Qualifies deviant prosody & voice

Each utterance is scored as appropriate or inappropriate

372
Q

Profiling Element of Prosodic Systems - Child Version

A

PEPS-C

Examines both input and output of prosody interaction, affect, chunking, and focus

373
Q

Interaction

A

Use of intonation to mark boundaries at conversational turn-ends

This indicates what kind of response is required or expected

374
Q

Affect

A

Intonation that expresses mood, emotion, or attitude

375
Q

Chunking

A

Prosodic grouping of words that “chunks” speech

376
Q

Focus

A

Communicating focal information by prosody

377
Q

What system did the IPA adopt for transcribing voice quality?

A

Laver’s System

378
Q

Coarticulation

A

A sound being influenced by the sounds around it

379
Q

Diacritics

A

Accent & pronunciation marks

380
Q

Where are tongue position diacritic symbols located?

A

Directly under the phoneme

381
Q

Where are lip position diacritic symbols located?

A

Over the phoneme

Under stress symbols

Under nasal symbols

382
Q

Where are onglide diacritic symbols located?

A

In the upper lefthand corner of phoneme

383
Q

Where are stress diacritic symbols located?

A

Over the phoneme

384
Q

Where are nasal diacritic symbols located?

A

Over the phoneme

Under stress symbols

385
Q

Where are sound source & larynx diacritic symbols located?

A

Under the phoneme

Under tongue position symbols

386
Q

Where are syllabic syllable diacritic symbols located?

A

Under the phoneme

Under tongue position symbols

Under sound source symbols

387
Q

Where are offglide diacritic symbols located?

A

In the upper righthand corner of the phoneme

388
Q

Where are stop-release diacritic symbols located?

A

In the upper righthand corner of phoneme

389
Q

Where are timing diacritic symbols located?

A

To the right of phoneme

390
Q

Where are juncture diacritic symbols located?

A

To the right of phoneme

To the right of timing symbols

391
Q

Why do individuals with Cleft Palate (or other velopharyngeal deficiencies) often have nasal emissions in their speech?

A

They cannot close their velopharyngeal port tightly

392
Q

Nasal Symbols

A

Nasalized

Nasal Emission

Denasalized

393
Q

Lip Symbols

A

Rounded Vowel

Unrounded Vowel

Labialized Consonant

Nonlabialized Consonant

Inverted Lip

394
Q

Tongue Symbols

A

Dentalized

Palatalized

Lateralized

Rhotacized

Velarized

Centralized

Retracted

Advanced

Raised

Lowered

Fronted

Backed

Derhotacized

395
Q

Sound Source Symbols

A

Partially Voiced

Partially Devoiced

Glottalized (Creaky Voice)

Breathy (Murmured)

Frictionalized

Whistled (Hissed)

Trilled

396
Q

Stop-Release Symbols

A

Aspirated

Unaspirated

Unreleased

397
Q

Timing & Juncture Symbols

A

Lengthened

Shortened

Close Juncture

Syllabic Open Juncture

Internal Open Juncture

Falling Terminal Juncture

Rising Terminal Juncture

Checked (Held) Juncture

398
Q

Spondees

A

Two syllable words that have equal stress on both syllables

399
Q

Syllabification

A

When a consonant serves as a syllable nucleus

400
Q

Articulation

A

Articulatory Placement

401
Q

Pronunciation

A

The choices made my the speaker in production

402
Q

Atlas of North American English

A

The summary of a large project of linguistic interviews with individuals from all over the US

403
Q

Regional Dialect

A

Speech patterns specific to certain geographical locations

404
Q

Dialect

A

A variety of a language that is mutually intelligible from all other dialects

405
Q

The Pin-Pen Merger

A

The equating of /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before a nasal consonant

406
Q

Standard Language

A

The main language of an area

407
Q

What is the official language or standard dialect of the United States?

A

We have neither

408
Q

Vernacular Forms

A

Utterances that deviate from the predominant form of a language

Nonstandard Forms

409
Q

Stylistic Variations

A

Variations in speech that mark one’s membership in a specific group

410
Q

Metathesis

A

Switch the order of sounds

/æks/ in place of /æsk/

411
Q

Interdental Fricative Deletion

A

The absence of /θ/ or /ð/

It is often replaced with a dentalized /t/ or /d/, sometimes /f/ or /v/

412
Q

Postvocalic /r/ Deletion

A

Only occurs word final

/θo͞ʊ/ for “throw

/flɑ:də/ for “Florida”

413
Q

/l/ Vocalization

A

/l/ is changed to a vowel

/fio/ or /fiə/ for “feel”

414
Q

Cluster Differences

A

/ʃr/ and /str/ are changed to /sr/

“Shrimp” becomes /srɪmp/

“Street” becomes /skrit/

“Test” becomes /tɛs/

415
Q

Monophthongization

A

When a diphthong is changed to a monophthong

416
Q

Glide Onset Differences

A

/ju/ is changed to /u/

“Computer” becomes /kəmputə/

Phonetics (3 decks)

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