Phobias Flashcards
What is association
The link between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus that make the neutral stimulus cause the same response.
What do classical conditioning
A leaning process which builds up an association between the two stimuli through repeated pairing.
What is generalisation
When a conditioned response is produced to stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus
What is a phobia
An intense fear that prevents normal living in some way
What is extinction
The loss of a classically conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeated many times without the unconditioned stimulus.
Describe pavlov’s experiment with the dog
He used a dog with a tube through his cheek to measure its salvia for the following conditions: when it was given food, when it heard a bell. He tried to condition the dog to salivate when he heard the bell.
What were the results for pavlov’s experiment
The dog learned to associate the bell with the food, it had been conditioned to salivate to the bell, this became known as classical conditioning.
For pavlov’s experiment, before conditioning what was the food and the dogs salvation
Food and as the unconditioned stimulus
The salvation was the unconditioned response
For pavlov’s experiment, before conditioning what was the bell and the no salvation
The bell was the neutral stimulus
The no salvation was the no conditioned response
For pavlov’s experiment, during conditioning what was the food, bell and the dogs salvation
Bell was the neutral stimulus
Food was the unconditioned stimulus
Salvation was the unconditioned response
For pavlov’s experiment, after conditioning what was the bell and the dogs salvation
Bell was a conditioned stimulus
Salvation was a conditioned response
In regards to classical conditioning, What can cause a phobia
When fear is triggered by something when a harmless stimulus is present, an association may be made between the two things.
What was the study of little Albert
Watson and ray or conditioned little Al wry to be phobic is a white rat. Each time a white rat was shown to Albert a loud noise was made with a steel bar behind him. The noise frightened him And he associated his fear with the rat.
What did alberts fear generalise to
Other white fluffy things, eg. Cotton wool
What is a one trial learning
Relates to The fact that phobias are generally learned from one event
What is social learning theory
The theory that you gain new behaviours by watching and imitating a role model, someone who is generally the Sam age and gender as you
What is vicarious reinforcement
Learning through positive conveyances if other people’s actions rather than first hand - we are more likely to copy them if they are rewarded.
What was Coombes experiment
He let two rats drink from the same spout. One rat had been given an injection to make it sick so late both rats avoided drinking from the spout. The rat that hadn’t been sick learnt not to drink from the spout because it had seen the other get sick.
Other than behaviours what else does social learning theory apply to
Emotions
What was mineka’s experiment
They found out that lab monkeys that had grown up in the wild were afraid of snakes and the monkeys that were brought up in the lab were not. When fake snakes were put in the wild monkeys were scared so The lab born monkeys learned to be afraid of snakes from watching the other monkeys reaction. Showing that fear of snakes can be learned through social learning theory.
Why do people say that phobias sometimes run in families
Children can observe and imitate their parents fears.
What is modelling
Imitating the behaviour of someone.
What is preparedness
The tendency to learn some associations more easily, quickly and permanently than others.
According to the theory of evolution if two animals were living in a forest and encountered a fire, what animal would be more Likely to survive
The animal who was scared of fire so who ran away from it. It shows behaviours are adaptive and being fearful can be useful.
Why can we learn links between some things more easily than others
Evolution will have prepared us to learn about things that are threatening
Are phobias random
Generally not because people ten to have phobias of things that might cause them harm. This explains why some phobias are more common than others, eg. We are more likely to be scared of snakes than clothes
Define nature
What we are born with
Define nurture
What we learn from the way we are raised.
What is the nature debate for Why parents with phobias may have children with phobias
Because they pass on genes which that make them more prepared to be afraid
What does SLT say about our behaviour
It changes because we observe models in our environment
What does classical conditioning say about or learning if phobias
We learn by associating two stimuli that are repeated together
Why might a tendency to learn phobias be genetic
As people evolve those who have inherited the ability to learn to avoid danger would be more likely to survive.
What would SLT say about the learning of phobias
If a parent has a phobia the child will see the parent behave as they are role models to their children. Children will observe and imitate the fear displayed by the parents.
What evidence is there for the nature argument of phobias
Preparedness- this is a genetic influence on the kinds of things we learn to fear. Bennet-levy and Marteau showed that more people are afraid of animals with certain characteristics
Slater and shield found that identical twins were more similar in their phobias than non - identical twins.
What evidence is there for the nurture debate about phobias.
Mineka’s found that monkeys learn fears through SLT. As monkeys and people are v similar it is likely we can learn fears too.
Watson and Raynor used classical conditioning to make little Albert frightened of a white rat. Showing that environment can produce phobias.
What are questionnaires
A research method using questions
What are open ended questions
Questions that ask for description and detail
What are closed questions
Simple questions with few possible answers
