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AQA A level psychology > Phobias > Flashcards

Phobias Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of disorder is a phobia?

A

an anxiety disorder

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2
Q

define what a phobia is?

A

a irrational fear of something that poses little/no actual danger

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3
Q

what are SPECIFIC phobias?

A

phobias of an object or situation

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4
Q

what are SOCIAL phobias?

A

phobias of social situations

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5
Q

what is agoraphobia?

A

fear of public places or the outside world

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6
Q

3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

endurance - remaining in the presence of the phobia stimulus

avoidance

panicked response

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7
Q

3 cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

selective attention - only concentrating on the stimulus

self-critical - aware its irrational and blame themselves

irrational belief - that the stimulus is dangerous /deadly and resistance to rational arguments

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8
Q

what is the two process model TPM?

A

assumes behaviour is learned through classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning

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9
Q

How does classical conditioning explain phobia development?

A

phobias can develop when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that causes fear - making the neutral stimulus itself induce fear

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10
Q

what is operant conditioning in the context of the TPM?

A

operant conditioning is learning via consequences, where behaviour is reinforced through positive/negative reinforcement

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11
Q

what is positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

rewarding behaviour (avoiding a fear gives person relief)

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12
Q

what is negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

A

removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage behaviour (avoiding a fear reduces anxiety)

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13
Q

What 2 people did the Little Albert case study

A

Watson and Rayner

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14
Q

How did Rayner and Watson demonstrate that an irrational fear could be induced using classical conditioning?

A

Whenever a rat was placed in Alberts lap, watson made a loud noise behind Albers back.
Loud noise = (UCS)
Alberts crying (UCR)
Before conditioning - rat = (NS)
After conditioning - rat = (CS)

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15
Q

what is - the tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS - called?

A

generalisation

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16
Q

what is - the return of a CR in a weaker form after a period of time when it had subsided - called?

A

spontaneous recovery

17
Q

what is - the gradual weakening of a CR by breaking the association between the CS and UCS - called?

A

extinction

18
Q

what is - learning to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one - called?

A

discrimination

19
Q

2 strengths of the two process model

A

1 . real world application, eg exposure therapy through systematic desensitisation.
2. there is evidence that links bad experiences and phobias

20
Q

2 limitations of the two process model?

A
  1. doesnt account for cognitive factors behind a phobia
  2. doesnt justify evolutionary explanations
21
Q

what is systematic desensitisation?

A

behavioural therapy which reduces phobic anxiety through classical conditioning and a gradual process

22
Q

what is the aim of systematic desensitisation?

A

to relax the patient in the presence of a phobic stimulus and to learn a counter - conditioning response

23
Q

what are the 3 process of SD

A
  1. anxiety hierarchy
  2. relaxation
  3. exposure
24
Q

what does the anxiety hierarchy process involve?

A

the patient ranks situations from least to most frightening relating to their phobia

25
Q

what does the relaxation process involve

A

breathing exercises, mental imagery techniques, meditation , Valium

26
Q

what does the exposure process involve?

A

whilst relaxed, the patient is exposed to the stimulus in line with the hierarchy

27
Q

what are 3 strengths of SD

A
  • it is effective
  • appropriate for all people
  • flexible
28
Q

what are 3 limitations of SD

A
  • ignores cognitive
  • expensive
  • long process
28
Q

what is flooding?

A

exposing patients to their phobic stimulus without a gradual build up

29
Q

how long does flooding usually take

A

2-3 hours

30
Q

how are clients prepared before flooding

A

they are taught relaxation techniques before they face their fear

31
Q

what happens in flooding?

A

The client is unable to avoid the situation and eventually learns that their phobic stimulus isnt harmful ( extinction)
so now the learned response is extinguished when the CS is encountered without the UCS

31
Q

Why does flooding work?

A

clients exhaust themselves by their own fear and become relaxed

32
Q

2 strengths of flooding

A

effective
cheaper than SD

33
Q

3 limitations of flooding

A

traumatic
high drop out rates
not appropriate for all phobias

AQA A level psychology (3 decks)

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