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Psychopathology > Phobias > Flashcards

Phobias Flashcards

1
Q

Phobia definition

A

An irrational fear of an object or situation

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2
Q

What is the DSM-5 categories of phobias

A
  • Specific phobias- phobia of an object
  • Social anxiety (social phobias)- phobia of a social situation
  • Agoraphobia- phobia of being outside
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3
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of phobias (3)

A

Avoidance
Panic
Endurance

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4
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of phobias (3)

A

Fear
Emotional responce
Anxiety

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5
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias (3)

A

Irrational Beliefs
Cognitive Distortions
Selective Attention

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6
Q

What is the two process model as a behavioural explanation of phobias- Mowrer

A

An explanation for the onset and persistence of disorders that create anxiety, such as phobias. The two processes are classical and operant conditioning for persistence

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7
Q

What is the classical conditioning stage in the two process model of phobias

A
  • ACQUIRED phobias through classical conditioning
  • UCS (noise) = UCR (fear). UCS (noise) + NS (rat) = UCR (fear). CS (rat) = CR (fear)
  • Watson and Rayner study giving Little Albert a phobia of rats through CC
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8
Q

What is the operant conditioning stage in the two process model of phobias

A
  • MAINTAINED by operant conditioning
  • Reinforced through rewards and/or punishments which increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated
  • Negative reinforcement (avoiding a unpleasant situation)- desirable consequence = behaviour repeated
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Mowrer suggested that whenever we avoid a phobic stimulus we successfully escape the fear/anxiety.
  • This reduction in fear reinforces the avoidance behaviour and so the phobia is maintained
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9
Q

Two process model evaluation points- Real world application

A

STRENGTH

Phobias successfully treated by preventing avoidance, as suggested by the model

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10
Q

Two process model evaluation points- Cognitive aspects of phobias

A

LIMITATION

Fails to account for cognitive aspects of phobias (e.g irrational fears)

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11
Q

Two process model evaluation points- Phobias and traumatic experience

A

STRENGTH

73% of people with a dental phobia had past trauma, in control group with no phobia only 21% had trauma (DeJongh)

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12
Q

Two process model evaluation points- Not all cases of phobias come from trauma

A

LIMITATION

Not all cases of phobias follow bad experiences and vice versa

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13
Q

What are the two ways of treating phobias

A

Systematic desensitisation
Flooding

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14
Q

Systematic desensitisation process

A

Anxiety hierarchy
Relaxation
Reciprocal inhibition
Exposure
Counterconditioning

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15
Q

Anxiety hierarchy

A

List put together by client and therapist. List of situations related to phobic stimulus that provoke anxiety arranged in order from least to most frightening.

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16
Q

Relaxation

A

Therapist teaches client to relax through various techniques such as deep breathing, positive mental imagery and rehearsal

17
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Where it’s impossible to be relaxed and afraid at the same time

18
Q

Exposure

A

Where the client is exposed to phobic stimulus. This is gradual as it takes place over several sessions as the client works up the anxiety hierarchy conditions

19
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Creating a new response of relaxation instead of anxiety or fear to the phobic stimulus

20
Q

Systematic desensitisation evaluation points- Evidence of effectiveness

A

STRENGTH

More effective than relaxation alone after 33 moths and effective for a range of phobias

21
Q

Systematic desensitisation evaluation points- People with learning difficulties

A

STRENGTH

Systematic desensitisation best- cognitive therapy requires rational thinking, flooding is traumatic

22
Q

Flooding

A

A behavioural therapy in which a person with a phobia is exposed to an extreme form of a phobic stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by that stimulus (extinction). This takes place across a small number of long therapy sessions

23
Q

Flooding evaluation points-Cost effective

A

STRENGTH

Clinically effective and not expensive may take only 1-3 sessions

24
Q

Flooding evaluation points-Traumatic

A

LIMITATION

Rated as more stressful than systematic desensitisation, lack of informed consent and higher attrition rates

25
Q

Flooding evaluation points- Ethical issues- informed consent

A

LIMITATION

Occurs if cause of phobia is not tackled e.g women with death phobia but only evidence is from case studies, may not generalise

Psychopathology (4 decks)

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