Phlebotomy Flashcards
Airborn Transmission:
Infectious agent is carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.
Airborne Dust:
Material settled on surfaces and become resuspended by air currents.
Droplet Nuclei:
Less than 5 microns in size, may remain suspended for long periods of time and be blown over great distances.
Vehicles:
May indirectly transmit infectious agent; food, water, biologic products, and fomites.
Basophils:
Releases heparin and histamine.
Heparin inhibits coagulation making it possible for the other WBCs to flow.
Histamine causes vasodilation for increased blood flow to the area.
Eosinophils:
In response to parasitic infection. Also seen in response to allergic reactions.
Phagocyte:
Capable of absorbing bacteria.
Neutrophils:
Protects against bacteria and fungi.
Monocytes:
Performs the function of phagocytes. Help recognize pathogens.
Lymphocytes:
T Cells:
Release phagocytes and proteins.
Lymphocytes:
B Cells:
Produce antibodies.
Lymphocytes:
Natural Killer Cells:
Responce to cytokines.
Basophil %:
.5 - 1%
Eosinophil %:
2 - 4%
Neutrophil %:
40 - 60%
Monocyte %:
2 - 8%
Lymphocyte %:
20 - 30%
Phagocytosis:
Process where an antigen is engulfed, digested, and disintegrated by a phagocytic cell.
Platelets:
Clot blood. Present in fragments. AKA: Thrombocytes.
Hemostasis:
Stoppage of bleeding.
1: vasoconstriction
2: platelet plug formation
3: coagulation
Erythocytes:
Red Blood Cells.
Thrombocytes:
Platelets.
Leukocytes:
White Blood Cells.
Hemoglobin
Heme: Iron
Globin: Protein
Can hold up to 4 oxygen molecules.
Deoxyhemoglobin:
Better compatible with carbon dioxide.
Oxyhemoglobin:
Better compatible with oxygen.
Normal RBC in Women:
4.2 - 5.4 million cells/microliter.
Normal RBC in Men:
4.7 - 6.1 million cells/microliter.
Average life span of RBC:
120 days.
Antibody:
Produced in the body in response to an invading micro-organism.
Immunoglobulins.
Antigens:
Activate the immune response which leads to the production of antibodies.
Blood Groups:
ABO & Rhesus.
O can donate to:
A, B, AB
A can donate to:
AB
B can donate to:
AB
+:
Rh antigen is present.
-:
Rh antigen is absent.
Arterial System:
- Aorta
- Arteries
- Arterioles
Three Layers of Arteries:
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Adventitia
Function of Arterial System:
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
Capillary function:
Provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to the organs while also collecting deoxygenated blood and waste from the organs.
Vasodilation:
Increase in diameter of the blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction:
Decrease in diameter of the blood vessels.
Venous System:
- Venule
- Vein
- Vena Cava
(superior & inferior)
Structure of Vessels:
- Tunica Adventitia
- Tunica Media
- Tunica Intima
Structure of Capillary:
Single layer of Endothelial Cells.
Function of Venous System:
Carries deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Dorsal Metacarpal Vein:
Back of hand.
Cephalic Vein:
Farthest from body on inside of elbow.
Basilic Vein:
Closest to body on inside of elbow.
Median Cubital Vein:
Between Basilic and Cephalic veins.
Skin - Outtermost:
Epidermis.
Skin - Middle:
Demis.
Skin - Innermost:
Subvuteaneous/Hypodermis.
Integumentary System:
Skin, sweat and oil glands, nails, and hair.
Adipocytes:
Cells that store fat.
Dermis includes:
Upper Papillary
Lower Reticular
Epidermis consists of:
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Licidum
- Stratum Granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum Basale
❤️ - Right Atrium:
Recievew deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava.
❤️ - Right Ventricle
Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium via the tricuspid valve and pumps out of the heart via the pulmonary artery to lungs.
❤️ - Left Atrium:
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs via the pulmonary vein.
❤️ - Left Ventricle:
Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium via the bicuspid valve and pumos out of the heart to the rest of the body via the aorta.
Pulmonary System:
AKA: Respiratory System.
Upper Respiratory:
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx.
Lower Respiratory:
Trachea, lungs(bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)
Upper limb anatomy:
shoulder joint, humerus, elbow joint, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
Lower Limb Anatomy:
Hip joint, femur, knee joint, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
Nervous System:
Central: Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral: motor and sensory neurons.
Spinal Cord:
Carry and transfer signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
Brain:
In the skull, continues as the spinal cord in the vertebral canal.
Motor Neurons:
Somatic and Autonomic.
Somatic:
Voluntary movements.
Autonomic:
Involuntary movement.
Sensory:
Brings information back to the CNS from the stimulus receiving receptor.
Kidneys:
2 in number, all major processes of the urinary system.
Ureters:
Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder.
Urinary Bladder:
Holds urine until it is expelled out.
Urethra:
Where urine is expelled out.
Micturition:
Voiding the urine.
Digestive System:
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Peristalsis:
Passage of food through the esophagus.
Chyme:
Chewed food.
Liver:
Produces biles, which breaks down fat. Metabolism, detoxification, storage, and immunity.
Gallbladder:
Releases bile into small intestine.
Pancreas:
Both endocrine and exocrine gland. Produces insulin when blood sugar is high. Produces glucagon when blood sugar is low.
Endocrine System:
Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes, and ovaries.
Sagittal/Median Plane:
Left and right of body.
Dorsal/Posterior:
Back of body.
Coronal/Frontal Plane:
Front and back of body.
Transverse/Horizontal Plane:
Upper and lower parts if body.
Superior:
On top.
Inferior:
Lower.
Ventral/Anterior:
Front of body.
Distal:
Away from point of reference.
Medial:
Towards the center.
Lateral:
Towards the side.
Proximal:
Towards point of reference.
