PHISIOLOGY Flashcards
Negative feedback: The increase of a hormone generates … of its regulatory hormone
inhibition
Positive feedback: The increase of a hormone generates … of its regulatory hormone
stimulation
Circadian rhythm:
Variation every 24 hours
First messenger: The …
Second messenger: Molecule located at the … that is derived from the hormone-receptor interaction
hormone
intracellular level
The transmission of messages can be carried out by…
endocrine, paracrines, neuroendocrine mechanisms or as a neurotransmitter.
In addition to the classical endocrine glands, the … have emerged as essential endocrine organs in controlling homeostasis.
adipose tissue, the gastrointestinal system, and the nervous system
Transport proteins modulate the concentration of… hormone, which is biologically….
Free, active
The secretion rates of each hormone should be known for application to pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. …. rhythms are especially important.
Circadian and monthly
There are different types of membrane receptors, whose activation generates different signaling pathways that allow hormonal action to be carried out. This mechanism of interaction with the target cell is typical of… hormones.
peptide
Thyroid and steroid hormones interact with… receptors and their effects are primarily mediated by genomic mechanisms.
intracellular
Knowing the …, whether positive or negative, is essential for the control of hormonal homeostasis and has transcendental applications in the diagnosis and adjustment of hormonal treatments.
feedback mechanisms
Which hormones signal through transmembrane receptors?
Peptides and glycoproteins
Which hormones are synthesised as prehormones or preprohormones?
Peptides and glycoproteins
Which hormones are hydrophilic and are stored in vesicles?
Peptides and glycoproteins
Which type of hormones circulate unbound in blood?
Peptides and glycoproteins
Which hormones are administered by injection?
Peptides and glycoproteins (like in insulin)
Which hormones have a fast effect?
Peptides
Which hormones have a short half-life?
Peptides
What kind of hormone is GH?
Peptides
Which kind of hormone is ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)?
Peptide
Which kind of hormone is PRL (prolactin)?
Peptide
Which kind of hormone is vasopressin (ADH)?
Peptide
Which kind of hormones are insulin and glucagon?
Peptides
Which kind of hormone is leptin?
Peptide
Which kind of hormone is PTH (parathyroid hormone)?
Peptide
What kind of hormones are gastrointestinal hormones?
Peptides
Which type of hormones have a common alpha subunit and a unique beta subunit?
Glycoproteins
What type of hormone is TSH (thyrotropin)?
Glycoprotein
What type of hormone is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)?
Glycoprotein
What type of hormone is LH?
Glycoprotein
What type of hormone is HCG (chorionic gonadotropin)?
Glycoprotein
What type of hormone is estradiol?
Steroid
What type of hormone is progesterone?
Steroid
What type of hormone testosterone?
Steroid
What type of hormone is cortisol?
Steroid
What type of hormone is aldosterone?
Steroid
What type of hormone are thyroid hormones?
Amines
What type of hormones are catecholamines?
Amines
What type of hormones are derived from cholesterol?
Steroids
What type of hormones are lipophilic?
Steroids and amines
What type of hormones are transported by binding globulins?
Steroids and amines
What type of hormones have intracellular receptors?
Steroids and amines
What type of hormones are administered orally?
Steroids and amines
What type of hormones are derived from tyrosines?
Amines
Cortisol follows … rythms
CIRCADIAN
FSH and LH follow… rythms
ULTRADIAN
Cortisol is transported by…
CBG
Thyroxine is transported by…
TBG
Testosterone is transported by…
SHBG
…regulate renal elimination of the hormone and modulate the free fraction of the hormone.
Binding proteins
Peptide, glycoprotein and catecholamine hormones bind to … receptors, like GPCR
Membrane
Thyroid hormone receptors are…
Intracellular: nuclear
Steroid hormone receptors are …
Intracellular: in cytoplams
POSITIVE HORMONAL FEEDBACK
Most hormonal feedbacks are…
NEGATIVE
Hashimoto’s disease /hyperthyroidism. It’s a … disease, affecting the thyroid gland itself.
primary
(Primary disease=target organ)
If a tumor in the brain prevents the release of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), it’s a… hypothyroidism.
secondary
(Secondary disease=anterior pituitary)
A … hypothyroidism would be a defect or deficiency in TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), which is supposed to act on the pituitary gland to induce TSH release, which in turn induces T3 and T4 secretion.
tertiary
(Tertiary disease=hypothalamus)
The pituitary gland comes from the invagination of the roof of the …, which forms the Rathke’s pouch, which meets a diencephalic prolongation called the…. Together they constitute the ….
The region of epithelial origin will give rise to the…, while the one constituted by nervous tissue is the… or posterior pituitary.
The total gland is housed in the …, below the optic chiasm.
oral cavity, infundibulum, pars tuberalis
adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis
turkish sella of the sphenoid
…. imaging is the most accurate imaging test to investigate the causes of pituitary dysfunctions.
… is an alternative in patients with pacemakers or claustrophobia.
… is useful in the assessment of pituitary macroadenomas, thus it may compromise the optic chiasm.
Magnetic resonance
CT Scan
Campimetry or eye fundoscopy
HYPOPITUITARISM
Lack of GH causes…
Size delay, reduced quality of life
HYPOPITUITARISM
Lack of PRL causes…
Postpartum agalactia
HYPOPITUITARISM
Lack of ACTH causes…
Secondary (cortical) adrenal insufficiency
HYPOPITUITARISM
Lack of TSH causes…
Secondary hypothyroidism
HYPOPITUITARISM
Lack of FSH/LH causes…
Secondary hypogonadism
HYPOPITUITARISM
Lack of ADH causes…
Cranial diabetes insipidus
HYPERFUNCTIONING SYNDROMES
Excess GH causes…
Acromegaly/gigantism
HYPERFUNCTIONING SYNDROMES
Excess of PRL causes…
Hyperprolactinemia
HYPERFUNCTIONING SYNDROMES
Excess of ACTH causes…
Cushing’s diseases, hypercortisolism
HYPERFUNCTIONING SYNDROMES
Excess of TSH causes…
Secondary hyperthyroidism
HYPERFUNCTIONING SYNDROMES
Excess of FSH/LH causes…
Gonadotropinomas
HYPERFUNCTIONING SYNDROMES
Excess of ADH is caused by…
Inadequate secretion of ADH
ACTH means
Adrenal cortex stimulating hormone (adrenocorticotropin)
TSH means
Thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)
AVP/VP/ADH mean
Arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
GHRH means
Hormone that stimulates the synthesis and release of GH
SS/Somatostatin:
Hormone that inhibits the synthesis and release of GH
TRH
Hormone that stimulates the synthesis and release of TSH
CRH
Hormone that stimulates the synthesis and release of ACTH
LHRH/GnRH:
Hormone stimulating the synthesis and release of FSH and LH
GnIH means
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone
IGF-1 means
Insulin-like growth factor
IGFBP means
IGF-1 binding protein
T4 means
Thyroxine
T3 means
Triiodothyronine
The adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis have different embryological origins. The neurohypophysis consists of axons and neurovascular junctions of neurons of the … nuclei. The adenohypophysis has … origin.
supraoptic and ventricular, epithelial
The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system ensures the functional connection between the central nervous system and the hormonal secretion of the adenohypophysis, this is an example of….
neuroendocrine integration
The regulation of pituitary function is carried out by hypothalamic hormones and feedback mechanisms of peripheral hormones, except for …, which lacks peripheral hormone to receive feedback modulation.
… interacts with the hypothalamic dopaminergic system which self-regulates its secretion thanks to its inhibitory effect.
prolactin
The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-effector axes recognize circadian variations and numerous additional factors that modulate their function, such as …
sleep, stress, diet and iatrogenesis among others.
Stress has stimulatory effects on … and inhibitory effects on …
GH, ACTH and Prolactin, TSH and gonadotropins.
There are some functional connections between the neurohypophysis and the adenohypophysis, such as the regulation of …
ACTH secretion by vasopressin.
If a person has an adenoma (pituitary tumour), optic function will be compromised. Why?
Optic chiasm is just above the pituitary.
What will happen to prolactin with a trauma in the infundibulum?
Its levels will increase: as there is no dopamine (produced in substantia nigra), prolactin cannot be downregulated. The rest of pituitary hormones, however, will be found at low levels.
Disease in which there is excessive growth hormone
ACROMEGALY
GH and IGF1 actions
Cell growth induction and anabolic effects
Protein which most frequently binds IFG1
IGFBP3
Hormone which has a negative effect on growth plates of chondrocytes
Glucocorticoids
Why can we have amenorrhea when suffering too much stress?
Stress stimulates prolactin, and prolactin can inhibit gonadotropins.
The most frequent cause of hyperprolactinemia is…
Pharmaceutical. A patient taking antipsychotics can block the infundibulum system responsible for producing dopamine.
Thyroid hormones general function
Stimulate metabolism
Hormones produced by the ADENOHYPOPHISIS
TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH, FSH, LH
Hormones produced by the neurohypophisis
ADH, OXYTOCIN
GH is stimulated by…
GHRH
GH is inhibited by …
Somatostatin
TSH is stimulated by…
TRH
TSH is inhibited by…
Somatostatin
PRL is stimulated by…
VIP, SER, TRH
PRL is inhibited by…
Dopamine
ACTH is stimulated by…
CRH, VP