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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

All the secretions of the endocrine glands go to…

A

Bloodstream

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2
Q

Product of endocrine glands

A

Hormone

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3
Q

Neuroendocrine cells are … distributed through the organs. They have … functions.

A

Diffusely, paracrine

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4
Q

The endocrine system is composed of…

A
  • Several ductless glands.
  • Clusters of cells within certain organs.
  • Isolated single endocrine cells - the diffuse
    neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells - located in the epithelial lining of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems
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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland (hypophysis) located?

A

In a bony housing below the
hypothalamus: the hypophyseal fossa (a depression in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone located in the base of the middle cranial fossa of the skull)

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6
Q

What relation does the hypothalamus have with the hypophysis?

A

Hypothalamus has nuclei that are structurally and functionally linked to the pituitary gland (it regulates its hormone secretion)

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7
Q
A
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8
Q
A

The anterior has cells, modified neurons
The posterior has axons coming from the hypothalamus, forming the HYPOTHALAMUS-HYPOPHISIS TRACT

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9
Q

The posterior lobe of the hypophysis is lighter because of …, the anterior is darker because of…

A

axons, cells

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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Chromophils represent… colors

A

Blue and red

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13
Q

Cells with no distinctive staining are called

A

CROMOPHOBES (they cannot stain)

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14
Q

Cells that are numerous in the pars distalis and lie between the chromophils and chromophobes.
They produce many peptides that are thought to regulate the production of pars distalis hormones via a paracrine effect.

A

Folliculostelate cells

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15
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract:
- Contains the … of neurosecretory cells (cell bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus)
- Transports …., each bound to neurophysin (a binding protein specific for each hormone) to the pars nervosa

A
  • unmyelinated axons
  • oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)
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16
Q

Glial-like cells that support axons in the neurohypophisis

A

PITUICYTES

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17
Q

Capillaries in the capillary glands do not have fenestrations (T/F)

A

FALSE

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18
Q

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract:

  • Cell bodies are located in the … and … nuclei of the hypothalamus
  • Terminate in the … of the pituitary gland, where they store and, when needed, release their hormones
A

supraoptic and paraventricular
pars nervosa

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19
Q

Two major divisions of pituitary gland

A
  • Adenohypohisis
  • Neurohypophisis

Each sub division is derived from a distinct embryonic analog, which is reflected in its unique cellular constituents and functions

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20
Q

Adenohypophysis
- Also called the …
- Originating from an … of the stomodeum (Rathke pouch)
- Subdivided:…

A

-anterior pituitary gland
- ectodermal diverticulum
- Pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

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21
Q

PARS DISTALIS OF ADENOHYPOPHISIS

  • Supported by a … capsule and framework
  • Irregular cords composed of two types of parenchymal cells:…
  • Lying adjacent to … capillaries
A

connective tissue, Chromophils and chromophobes, fenestrated

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22
Q

Parenchymal cells that stain intensely – hormone containing secretory granules

A

CROMOPHILS OF PARS DISTALIS IN ADENOHYPOPHISIS

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23
Q

Chromophils in Pars DISTALIS (ADENOHYPOPHISIS) are classified into:

A

ACIDOPHILS AND BASOPHILS

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24
Q

Masson’s Trichrome (pars distalis ADENOHYPOPHISIS)
- … have intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm
- … are dark (green)
- … stain poorly

A
  • Acidophils
  • Basophils
  • Chromophobes
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25
Q

Chromophils which bind acidic dyes and often stain orange or red

A

ACIDOPHILS

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26
Q

Types of ACIDOPHILS and function

A
  1. SOMATOTROPHS: produce somatotropin (growth hormone)
  2. MAMMOTROPHS: produce prolactin
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27
Q

Type of Chromophils which bind basic dyes and typically stain blue

A

BASOPHILS

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28
Q

Types of basophils

A
  • CORTICOTROPHS: produce pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) whose by- products are adrenocorticotropic
    hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and lipotropic hormone (LTH),
    a precursor of β-endorphin
  • THYROTROPHS: Produce TSH
  • GONADOTROPHS: produce FSH and LH
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29
Q

Parenchymal cells in pars distalis that stain poorly. Small cells under the light microscope: lack (or have only a few) secretory granules and arranged close to one another in clusters

A

CHROMOPHOBES

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

PART OF PITUITARY GLAND between the pars distalis and pars nervosa
- Many colloid-containing cysts (Rathke cysts) – lined by cuboidal cells
- Basophilic cells (sometimes extend into the pars nervosa) secrete the pro-hormone POMC, which is cleaved to form ACTH, lipotropin, and MSH

A

PARS INTERMEDIA

32
Q

A characteristic feature of the … is the presence of different-sized follicles filled with colloid (CF) and small groups of cells consisting of chromophobes and basophils

A

pars intermedia

33
Q

Guess the structure
- Also called the posterior pituitary gland
- Originating from an evagination of the
hypothalamus
- Divided into the infundibulum (continuous with the hypothalamus), and the pars nervosa (main body of the it)

A

NEUROHYPOPHISIS

34
Q
A
35
Q

Pars Nervosa in Neurohypophisis
- Contains the distal ends of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal axons and is the site where the neurosecretory granules in these axons are stored in accumulations: …
- Releases … into fenestrated capillaries in response to nerve stimulation

A
  • Herring bodies
  • oxytocin and ADH
36
Q

Pars nervosa is composed primarily of nerve fibers (axons) which originate from nerve cell bodies in the hypothalamus and pass to the pars nervosa across …

A

the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

37
Q
A

PARS NERVOSA

38
Q
A

PARS NERVOSA

39
Q

NEUROHYPOPHISIS

A
40
Q

NEUROHYPOPHISIS (Guess the structure)
Dilated portions of axons near their terminals, contain numerous neurosecretor y vesicles filled with either oxytocin or ADH

A

HERRING BODIES

41
Q

Vascularization of the Pituitary Gland
- Arterial supply: from two pairs of blood vessels derived from the …
a. The right and left superior hypophyseal arteries serve the pars tuberalis, infundibulum, and median eminence
b. The right and left inferior hypophyseal arteries serve mostly the pars nervosa
- Hypophyseal portal system: primary capillary plexus consists of fenestrated capillaries coming off the… and secondary capillary plexus consists of fenestrated capillaries derived from the …

A
  • internal carotid artery
  • superior hypophyseal arteries, hypophyseal portal veins
42
Q

Regulation of the Pars Distalis
-… in the hypothalamus synthesize specific hormones that enter the hypophyseal portal system and stimulate or inhibit the parenchymal cells of the pars distalis
- The hypothalamic neurosecretory cells in turn are regulated by the level of hormones in the blood (…) or by other physiological (or psychological) factors

A

Neurosecretory cells, negative feedback

43
Q

The …hypophisis comes from the ectoderm, while the …hypohisis is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

ADENOHYPOPHISIS, NEUROHYPOPHISIS

44
Q

A 43-year-old woman has had increasing lethargy and weakness over the past 3 years. She has cold intolerance and wears a sweater in the summer. One year ago, she had menorrhagia, but now she has oligomenorrhea. She has difficulty concentrating, and her memory is poor. She has chronic constipation.
On physical examination, her temperature is 35.5° C, pulse is 54/min, respirations are 13/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg.
She has alopecia, and her skin appears coarse and dry. Her face, hands, and feet appear puffy, with dough like skin.
Laboratory findings show hemoglobin, 13.8 g/dL; hematocrit, 41.5%; glucose, 73 mg/dL; and creatinine, 1.1 mg/dL.
What problem does the patient present?

A

The patient presents a problem in the basal metabolism, a problem in the thyroid gland.

45
Q

T3 and T4 are stored in the … of the thyroid follicle

A

COLLOID

46
Q

What can we see in this image?

A

THYROID GLAND
Bi-lobate endocrine gland: two large lateral lobes connected by an isthmus

47
Q

Thyroid Gland
- Two lobes connected by an …
- Surrounded by a dense … capsule (posteriorly: the parathyroid glands)
- Subdivided by capsular septa into lobules containing … – blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A
  • isthmus
  • irregular collagenous connective tissue
  • follicles
48
Q
A
49
Q

Name this part of the thyroid gland

A

A thin connective tissue capsule surrounds the gland
Trabeculae partially outline irregular lobes and lobules

50
Q

Name the structure

A

THYROID FOLLICLE

51
Q

Inactive form of T3 and T4 are found in…

A

COLLOID

52
Q
A
53
Q

Parafollicular cells can be found forming… but never …

A

Clusters, follicles

54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q

Parafollicular cells will secrete…

A

CALCITONIN

58
Q

Which thyroid gland do we relate to the patient?

A

C

Hyperactivity due to treatment with the drug thiouracil - used to reduce thyroid gland activity

59
Q

What anomaly can we appreciate in each thyroid gland?

A
60
Q
A
61
Q
A
62
Q
A
63
Q

A 40-year-old man experiences weakness and easy fatigability of 2 months’ duration. Physical examination yields no remarkable findings. Laboratory studies show serum calcium of 11.5 mg/dL, inorganic phosphorus of 2.1 mg/dL, and serum parathyroid hormone of 58 pg/mL, which is near the top of the reference range. A radionuclide bone scan fails to show any areas of increased uptake. What is the most likely cause of these findings?

A

HASHIMOTO’S DISEASE

64
Q

Clinical Presentation
A 37-year-old woman states that, although most of the time she feels fine, she has had episodes of palpitations, tachycardia, tremor, diaphoresis, and headache over the past 3 months. When her symptoms are worse, her blood pressure is measured in the range of 155/90 mm Hg. She collapses suddenly one day and is brought to the hospital, where her ventricular fibrillation is converted successfully to sinus rhythm. On physical examination, there are no remarkable findings.
What is happening to the woman?

A

Hormone that prepares you to fight: adrenaline
The patient might have a problems in adrenal gland, which produce an excess of adrenaline (in the medulla)
In the image a tumour in the medulla can be found: PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
In the patient we would also find increased urinary free catecholamines (adrenaline is a catecholamine)

65
Q

Simple histology of suprarrenal glands

A
66
Q

Cortex of suprarrenal glands secrete…

A

CORTISOL

67
Q

Medulla of suprarrenal glands secrete…

A

ADRENALINE

68
Q
A
69
Q

ADRENAL CORTEX is divided into:

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: lipid droplets
  • Zona fasciculata: some lipid droplets, most prominent layer, secrete cortisol
  • Zona reticularis: eosinophilic cells, no lipid droplets and next to medulla
70
Q

General histology of suprarrenal glands

A
71
Q
A

Zona glomerulosa

72
Q
A

Zona glomerulosa

73
Q
A

Zona fasciculata

74
Q
A

Zona reticularis

75
Q

Cortex of adrenal glands

A
76
Q
A

Adrenal medulla

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (2 decks)

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