Phisical Landscapes In The Uk

Question 1

What creates waves in the sea ?

Answer 1

Wind

Question 2

What is the fetch ?

Answer 2

How far the wave has travelled

Question 3

what are two types of waves ?

Answer 3

Constructive

Destructive

Question 4

Whats the water that rushes the beach called ?

Answer 4

Swash

Question 5

Whats the water that flows back into the sea ?

Answer 5

Backwash

Question 6

Whats the characteristics of a destructive wave ?

Answer 6

weak swash and strong backwash

the strong backwash removes sediment from the beach

Question 7

What are the characteristics of a constructive wave ?

Answer 7

strong swash and weak backwash

the strong swash brings sediments to build up the beach

Question 8

Whats freeze thaw weathering ?

Answer 8

(contain holes) or permeable (allow water to pass through) this allows them to crack after frozen

Question 9

What a re the 4 steps of freeze thaw ?

Answer 9

1. Water enters the cracks in the rock
2. Water freezes expanding the rock
3. The ice melts and water makes its way deeper into the cracks
4. Process repeats eventually splitting the rocks

Question 10

What is biological weathering ?

Answer 10

Plants and animals can also have an effect on rocks. Roots burrow down, weakening the structure of the rock until it breaks away

Question 11

What are the steps of biological weathering ?

Answer 11

1. Roots grow into small cracks in the rock
2. The cracks become larger
3. This causes the rocks to break away

Question 12

What is chemical weathering ?

Answer 12

Rainwater and seawater can be a weak acid over time they can become dissolved by the acid in the water making the rock damaged

Question 13

What are the three types of mass movement ?

Answer 13

Rockfall

Mudflow

landslide

Question 14

What 4 ways cause erosion ?

Answer 14

Hydraulic action

abrasion

Attrition

Solution

Question 15

What is attrition ?

Answer 15

this is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other

Question 16

what is abrasion ?

Answer 16

this is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth

Question 17

what is hydraulic action ?

Answer 17

is the sheer power of the waves as they smash against the cliff

Question 18

What is solution ?

Answer 18

this is when sea water dissolves certain types of rocks

Question 19

What does hydraulic action cause ?

Answer 19

Wave cuts in rock that can cause the walls to erode over Time

Question 20

what 4 ways can sediment be transferred ?

Answer 20

Solution

Suspension

Saltation

Traction

Question 21

What is solution ?

Answer 21

when minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in sea water and then carried in solution

Question 22

What is saltation ?

Answer 22

where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the sea bed

Question 23

what is suspension ?

Answer 23

particles such as silts and clays are suspended in the flow of the water

Question 24

What is traction ?

Answer 24

where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the sea bed

Question 25

What is the movement of sediment along a coastline called ?

Answer 25

Longshore drift

Question 26

what can erosion cause ?

Answer 26

Different landforms such as e.g Headlands Bays Wave cuts Caves, arches, stacks and stumps

Question 27

What is a spit formed by ?

Answer 27

The deposition of sediment

Question 28

What is a spit ?

Answer 28

spit is an extended stretch of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea from the land

Question 29

What do bars create ?

Answer 29

Lagoons

Question 30

What are some hard engineering strategies ?

Answer 30

Sea walls Rock armour Gabions Groynes

Question 31

What are groynes ?

Answer 31

Wooden or rock structures built out at right angles into the sea

Question 32

What are gabions ?

Answer 32

Rocks are held in mesh cages and placed in areas affected by erosion

Question 33

what is rock armour ?

Answer 33

Large boulders placed at the foot of a cliff

Question 34

What are sea walls ?

Answer 34

Concrete walls that are placed at the foot of a cliff to prevent erosion,They are curved

Question 35

What are some soft engineering strategies ?

Answer 35

Beach nourishment Reprofiling

Question 36

What is beach nourishment ?

Answer 36

Sand is pumped onto an existing beach to build it up

Question 37

what is reprofiling ?

Answer 37

The sediment is redistributed from the lower part of the beach to the upper part of the beach

Question 38

What is Waterfall ?

Answer 38

A waterfall is a sudden drop along the river course. It forms when there are horizontal bands of resistant rock

Question 39

What are the steps to form a waterfall ?

Answer 39

1. The soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock and this creates a step. 2. As erosion continues, the hard rock is undercut forming an overhang. 3. Abrasion and hydraulic action erode to create a plunge pool. 4. Over time this gets bigger, increasing the size of the overhang until the hard rock is no longer supported and it collapses. 5. This process continues and the waterfall retreats upstream. A steep-sided valley is left where the waterfall once was. This is called a gorge

Question 40

Where in the rivers course do meanders form ?

Answer 40

Middle course

Question 41

How are meanders formed ?

Answer 41

Lateral erosion starts to widen the river. When the river flows over flatter land they develop large bends.

Question 42

What to processes act on the formation of a meander on the bend ?

Answer 42

Hydraulic action Abrasion

Question 43

How do oxbow lakes form ?

Answer 43

The river meanders at two near areas of land, over time the bends erode and eventually connect causing a straight river and eliminating the meanders This causes an oxbow lake

Question 44

What is a floodplain ?

Answer 44

A floodplain is an area of land which is covered in water

Question 45

What is an estuary ?

Answer 45

An estuary is where the river meets the sea

Question 46

What are some flood risks ?

Answer 46

relief Heavy rainfall Vegetation

Question 47

What are some hard engineering strategies for rivers ?

Answer 47

Dams Straightening Embankments

Question 48

What is floodplain zoning ?

Answer 48

Allowing only certain land uses on the floodplain reduces the risk of flooding to houses and important buildings