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Geography > Phisical Landscapes In The Uk > Flashcards

Phisical Landscapes In The Uk Flashcards

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1
Q

What creates waves in the sea ?

A

Wind

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2
Q

What is the fetch ?

A

How far the wave has travelled

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3
Q

what are two types of waves ?

A

Constructive

Destructive

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4
Q

Whats the water that rushes the beach called ?

A

Swash

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5
Q

Whats the water that flows back into the sea ?

A

Backwash

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6
Q

Whats the characteristics of a destructive wave ?

A

weak swash and strong backwash

the strong backwash removes sediment from the beach

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a constructive wave ?

A

strong swash and weak backwash

the strong swash brings sediments to build up the beach

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8
Q

Whats freeze thaw weathering ?

A

(contain holes) or permeable (allow water to pass through) this allows them to crack after frozen

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9
Q

What a re the 4 steps of freeze thaw ?

A
  1. Water enters the cracks in the rock
  2. Water freezes expanding the rock
  3. The ice melts and water makes its way deeper into the cracks
  4. Process repeats eventually splitting the rocks
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10
Q

What is biological weathering ?

A

Plants and animals can also have an effect on rocks. Roots burrow down, weakening the structure of the rock until it breaks away

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11
Q

What are the steps of biological weathering ?

A
  1. Roots grow into small cracks in the rock
  2. The cracks become larger
  3. This causes the rocks to break away
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12
Q

What is chemical weathering ?

A

Rainwater and seawater can be a weak acid over time they can become dissolved by the acid in the water making the rock damaged

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13
Q

What are the three types of mass movement ?

A

Rockfall

Mudflow

landslide

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14
Q

What 4 ways cause erosion ?

A

Hydraulic action

abrasion

Attrition

Solution

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15
Q

What is attrition ?

A

this is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other

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16
Q

what is abrasion ?

A

this is when pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth

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17
Q

what is hydraulic action ?

A

is the sheer power of the waves as they smash against the cliff

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18
Q

What is solution ?

A

this is when sea water dissolves certain types of rocks

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19
Q

What does hydraulic action cause ?

A

Wave cuts in rock that can cause the walls to erode over Time

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20
Q

what 4 ways can sediment be transferred ?

A

Solution

Suspension

Saltation

Traction

21
Q

What is solution ?

A

when minerals in rocks like chalk and limestone are dissolved in sea water and then carried in solution

22
Q

What is saltation ?

A

where small pieces of shingle or large sand grains are bounced along the sea bed

23
Q

what is suspension ?

A

particles such as silts and clays are suspended in the flow of the water

24
Q

What is traction ?

A

where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the sea bed

25
Q

What is the movement of sediment along a coastline called ?

A

Longshore drift

26
Q

what can erosion cause ?

A

Different landforms such as e.g

Headlands

Bays

Wave cuts

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps

27
Q

What is a spit formed by ?

A

The deposition of sediment

28
Q

What is a spit ?

A

spit is an extended stretch of sand or shingle jutting out into the sea from the land

29
Q

What do bars create ?

A

Lagoons

30
Q

What are some hard engineering strategies ?

A

Sea walls

Rock armour

Gabions

Groynes

31
Q

What are groynes ?

A

Wooden or rock structures built out at right angles into the sea

32
Q

What are gabions ?

A

Rocks are held in mesh cages and placed in areas affected by erosion

33
Q

what is rock armour ?

A

Large boulders placed at the foot of a cliff

34
Q

What are sea walls ?

A

Concrete walls that are placed at the foot of a cliff to prevent erosion,They are curved

35
Q

What are some soft engineering strategies ?

A

Beach nourishment

Reprofiling

36
Q

What is beach nourishment ?

A

Sand is pumped onto an existing beach to build it up

37
Q

what is reprofiling ?

A

The sediment is redistributed from the lower part of the beach to the upper part of the beach

38
Q

What is Waterfall ?

A

A waterfall is a sudden drop along the river course. It forms when there are horizontal bands of resistant rock

39
Q

What are the steps to form a waterfall ?

A
  1. The soft rock is eroded quicker than the hard rock and this creates a step.
  2. As erosion continues, the hard rock is undercut forming an overhang.
  3. Abrasion and hydraulic action erode to create a plunge pool.
  4. Over time this gets bigger, increasing the size of the overhang until the hard rock is no longer supported and it collapses.
  5. This process continues and the waterfall retreats upstream.
    A steep-sided valley is left where the waterfall once was. This is called a gorge
40
Q

Where in the rivers course do meanders form ?

A

Middle course

41
Q

How are meanders formed ?

A

Lateral erosion starts to widen the river. When the river flows over flatter land they develop large bends.

42
Q

What to processes act on the formation of a meander on the bend ?

A

Hydraulic action

Abrasion

43
Q

How do oxbow lakes form ?

A

The river meanders at two near areas of land, over time the bends erode and eventually connect causing a straight river and eliminating the meanders

This causes an oxbow lake

44
Q

What is a floodplain ?

A

A floodplain is an area of land which is covered in water

45
Q

What is an estuary ?

A

An estuary is where the river meets the sea

46
Q

What are some flood risks ?

A

relief

Heavy rainfall

Vegetation

47
Q

What are some hard engineering strategies for rivers ?

A

Dams

Straightening

Embankments

48
Q

What is floodplain zoning ?

A

Allowing only certain land uses on the floodplain reduces the risk of flooding to houses and important buildings

Geography (10 decks)

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