Philosophy (Midterm) Flashcards
He founded phenomenology, which is essentially a philosophical method.
Edmund Husserl
It is the study of the development of human consciousness and self-awareness as a preface to or a part of philosophy. It is the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness.
Phenomenology
This focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances defined as any object of conscious experience that which we are conscious of (Johnston, 2006).
Phenomenology
This means anything that we are rationally and intentionally thinking about. Basically, it refers to our ideas.
Phenomenology
In Husserl’s Logical Investigations, he argued against ____________; the idea that truth is dependent on the ____________ of the human mind, and that philosophy is reducible to psychology.
psychologism, peculiarities
Phenomenon comes directly from the Greek ____________, meaning “___________”.
phainomenon, appearance
It means the biological and cognitive matters of the mind.
Psychology
German Philosopher, had used the same word to refer to the world of our experiences, but Husserl intended a similar meaning except for the crucial fact that for him,
Immanuel Kant
“noumenon” literally means
Thing in itself
The phenomenological standpoint is achieved through a series of phenomenological
Reduction
This eliminate certain aspects of our experience from consideration.
Phenomenological Reduction
The first and best known is the ______ or “__________” that he describes in Ideas:
Epoche and Suspension
This eliminates the merely empirical contents of consciousness and focuses instead on the essential features the meaning of consciousness.
The second reduction
It is a chiefly 20th century philosophical movement embracing diverse doctrines but centering on analysis of individual existence in an unfathomable universe. (Merriam Webster).
Existentialism
- It is exactly a set of doctrines but more of an outlook or attitude supported by diverse doctrines centered on certain common themes.
Existentialism
- he is a Danish Philosopher, first existentialist, who insisted that the authentic self was the personally chosen self, as opposed to public or “herd” identity.
Soren Kierkagaard
- He took this view of opposition of the genuine individual versus the public “herd” identity.
Friedrich Nietzche
- Both Kierkegaard and Nietzche influenced _________ whose conception of ownness came to dominate contemporary existentialist thought.
Martin Heidegger
- a French philosopher, emphasizes the importance of free individual choice regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires beliefs and decisions.
Jean-Paul Sartre
a theory that involves a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language.
Postmodernism
- It is at best a holding pattern, perhaps a cry of despair.
Postmodernism
- It rightly talks about world philosophy, the philosophy of many cultures, but such talk is not a philosophy either.
Postmodernism
These people believe that humanity should come at truth beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of human nature, including the spiritual.
Postmodernist
The American philosopher, notably developing themes from pragmatism and certain quarters of analytic philosophy and bringing these together with continental themes,
Richard Rorty
He challenged the modern rationalist presumption that philosophy or any branch of knowledge can find secure foundations or achieve genuine representation of reality.
Richard Rorty
He state that philosophy should confront contemporary issues with silence and solitude, respect for nature, committed and dedicated relationship, excellence, and a life of prayer
David
he questioned the issue on Posthumanism, in which it aspires to transcend human nature and advocates the use of science and technology to alter human condition
Bernaldez
For the philosophers of this tradition, language cannot objectively describe truth.
Analytic Traditions
an analytic philosopher, language is socially conditioned. We understand the world solely in terms of our language games – that is, our linguistic, social constructs. Truth, as we perceive it, is itself socially constructed.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Polish-born US mathematician and logician, he made fundamental contributions to the fields of mathematics, semantics and symbolic logic.
Alfred Tarski
avoided ambiguities to accomplish the definition of truth.
Tarski
One of his purposes is to define truth in a simple way from that of another semantic notion, namely, of the notion of satisfaction. The notion of truth is not only formally correct but materially adequate as well. Material Adequacy is an extension of the term “true”.
Alfred Tarski
It is the conviction that to some significant degree, philosophical problems, puzzles, and errors are rooted in language and can be solved or avoided by a sound understanding of language and careful attention to its working.
Analytic philosophy
It refers to a method; owing a great deal to the pioneers like Betrand Russell, G.E. Moore, Wittgenstein, and J.L. Austin
Analysis
It is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments.
Logic
It serves as paths to freedom from half-truths and deceptions.
Logic and critical thinking
It is distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings.
Critical Thinking
It Is based from observations in order to make generalizations.
Inductive Reasoning
- This reasoning is often applied in prediction, forecasting or behavior.
Inductive reasoning
- Draws conclusion from usually one broad judgment or definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference.
Deductive Reasoning
- Draws conclusion from usually one broad judgment or definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference.
Deductive Reasoning
- If the two premises are constructed logically, then the conclusion must follow logically, the deductive argument is valid. This does not necessarily mean that the conclusion is true or false.
Validity and Soundness of an argument
It comes from a logical conclusion based on logically constructed premises.
Validity
Providing probable support is a strong argument. A strong argument with the true premises is said to be cogent.
Strength of argument
He states that an authority on critical thinking, characterizes a good critical thinker in terms of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and habitual ways of behaving.
Raymond S. Nickerson
