PHILOSOPHY CO5-6 Flashcards
What is Politics
Politics in a broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. (Heywood, 2014)
in a broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. (Heywood, 2014)
Politics
In theory, Politics can also be linked to the phenomena of _____and ________.
CONFLICT and COOPERATION.
is a view that persons’ moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.
Social Contract
Social Contract
is a view that persons’ moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.
is simply a contract between individuals to form a governing body and to be subjected to that.
is also a process of Cooperation of Individuals.
Social Contract Theory
Social Contract Theory
is simply a contract between individuals to form a governing body and to be subjected to that.
Theory is also a process of Cooperation of Individuals.
what are the THREE PRINCIPAL CAUSES OF CONFLICTS
The Desire for Gain;
The Desire for Safety;
The Desire for Glory
Thomas Hobbes
In faculties of mind and body, men are, on the whole, so nearly equal that one cannot claim for himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he. From this equality of ability arises equality of hope in attaining ends desired.”
Who created the three principle causes of conflicts
thomas hobbes
who said this? “In faculties of mind and body, men are, on the whole, so nearly equal that one cannot claim for himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he. From this equality of ability arises equality of hope in attaining ends desired.”
Thomas Hobbes
who said this? In the Discourse on Inequality the natural man appears first as the solitary savage, living the happy, care-free life of the brute, without fixed abode, without articulate speech, with no needs or desires that cannot be satisfied through the merest instinct.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
definition of ELEMENTS OF PERFECT HAPPINESS
In the state of Nature, Men are considered to be: INDEPENDENT; CONTENTED; and SELF-SUFFICING
In the state of Nature, Men are considered to be:
INDEPENDENT; CONTENTED; and SELF-SUFFICING
In the state of Nature, Men are considered to be: INDEPENDENT; CONTENTED; and SELF-SUFFICING
definition of ELEMENTS OF PERFECT HAPPINESS
He believed that in the state of nature men are all equal. These equal rights extend to the peasants and laborers, as well as to the middle class. State of nature is pre-political. The Society was not based on reason rather on emotions of self-interest and pity.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
SOCIAL CONTRACT AS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Jean Jacques Rousseau claimed that with the progress of civilization, evils arose. The division of labor that followed the development of the arts and the rise of private property created distinctions between rich and poor that broke down the happy natural condition of mankind and necessitated the establishment of civil society.
Jean Jacques Rousseau claimed that with the progress of civilization, evils arose. The division of labor that followed the development of the arts and the rise of private property created distinctions between rich and poor that broke down the happy natural condition of mankind and necessitated the establishment of civil society.
SOCIAL CONTRACT AS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
STATE AND SOCIETY
Rousseau claimed that reason was the outgrowth of the artificial life of men in organized society, and that the results of its development were calamitous.
Rousseau claimed that reason was the outgrowth of the artificial life of men in organized society, and that the results of its development were calamitous.
STATE AND SOCIETY
Rousseau held that everyone gave up all his natural rights to the community as a whole. By this process a body politic, with a life and will of its own, was established. Yet each person in the state, possessing an equal and inalienable portion of the sovereignty of the whole, gained back under the protection of the state the rights he had given up.
THE GENERAL WILL
THE GENERAL WILL
Rousseau held that everyone gave up all his natural rights to the community as a whole. By this process a body politic, with a life and will of its own, was established. Yet each person in the state, possessing an equal and inalienable portion of the sovereignty of the whole, gained back under the protection of the state the rights he had given up.
THE GENERAL WILL
corresponded to the common interest of all members of the community, as contrasted with interests.
corresponded to the common interest of all members of the community, as contrasted with interests.
THE GENERAL WILL
ECONMOICS
is defined in general sense as a branch of Social Sciences that deals with producing, consuming, and transferring wealth. According to Allen (1977).
is defined in general sense as a branch of Social Sciences that deals with producing, consuming, and transferring wealth. According to Allen (1977).
ECONMOICS
is a Social science that analyzes and describes the consequences of choices made concerning scarce productive resources.
economics
economics
is a Social science that analyzes and describes the consequences of choices made concerning scarce productive resources.
Economics
is the study of how individuals and societies choose to employ those resources: what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, and how they will be distributed among the members of society.
is the study of how individuals and societies choose to employ those resources: what goods and services will be produced, how they will be produced, and how they will be distributed among the members of society.
Economics
Communism
may be defined as a philosophy of history based on a materialistic conception of human development. This ideology advocates that the system of social organization is based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or the State.
may be defined as a philosophy of history based on a materialistic conception of human development. This ideology advocates that the system of social organization is based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or the State.
Communism
You have two cows. The state takes both and gives you some milk.
Communism
also characterized that all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party.
System of communism
System of communism
also characterized that all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party.
THE VIEW OF MARX TO COMMUNISM
SOCIAL and POLITICAL relationships in terms of the MATERIAL NEEDS that are basic to HUMAN EXISTENCE
SOCIAL and POLITICAL relationships in terms of the MATERIAL NEEDS that are basic to HUMAN EXISTENCE
THE VIEW OF MARX TO COMMUNISM
_____ and______ relationships in terms of the ________ that are basic to _______
Social, Political, Material Needs, Human existance
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
Central to Marx’s thought is his theory of historical materialism, which argued that human societies and their cultural institutions (like religion, law, morality, etc.) were the outgrowth of collective economic activity.
Central to Marx’s thought is his theory of historical materialism, which argued that human societies and their cultural institutions (like religion, law, morality, etc.) were the outgrowth of collective economic activity.
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
Marx’s theory was heavily influenced by .?
Hegel’s dialectical method
He wrote in his Moral Sentiments the famous observation that he was to repeat later in The Wealth of Nations: that self-seeking men are often:
“led by an invisible hand…without knowing it, without intending
it, [to] advance the interest of the society.”
ADAM SMITH
CAPITALISM
This economic revolution, coupled with imperialist rule, underpinned the subsequent two centuries of Western ascendancy. But what strikes us is how slow the arrival of the triumph was – it took three centuries – and how economically hard-pressed capitalism was up almost to the last moment before it finally prevailed
The coming of the Industrial Revolution signaled the global triumph of
CAPITALISM
This economic revolution, coupled with imperialist rule, underpinned the subsequent two centuries of Western ascendancy. But what strikes us is how slow the arrival of the triumph was – it took three centuries – and how economically hard-pressed capitalism was up almost to the last moment before it finally prevailed
Capitalism
features landlords in control of a state, or a state acting independently, responding to capitalism’s uneven development by consciously producing ‘combined development’, a form of accelerated, conscious, and planned development of capitalism. (Heller, n.d.)
Political Capitalism
Political Capitalism
features landlords in control of a state, or a state acting independently, responding to capitalism’s uneven development by consciously producing ‘combined development’, a form of accelerated, conscious, and planned development of capitalism. (Heller, n.d.)
control over the state by bourgeoisie supported by small producers or by landlords helped to determine the character of the capitalism that developed in each instance.
Lenin’s view of capitalism
Lenin’s view of capitalism
control over the state by bourgeoisie supported by small producers or by landlords helped to determine the character of the capitalism that developed in each instance.
Death in Medicine
Associated with the cessation of existence
Associated with the cessation of existence
Death in Medicine
Clinical Death
Pertains to the cessation of the function of the heart and lungs
Pertains to the cessation of the function of the heart and lungs
Clinical Death
Brain Death
Pertains to cessation of sufficient brain inactivity
Pertains to cessation of sufficient brain inactivity
Brain Death
being is the existence of a thing;
[Dasein]
nothingness is the inexistence of a thing.
[Das Nicht]
all life is naturally oriented towards death
[Sein-zum-tode]
The only way to face death is by living authentically
[Eigenlichkeit]
[Eigenlichkeit]
The only way to face death is by living authentically
[Sein-zum-tode]
all life is naturally oriented towards death
[Das Nicht]
nothingness is the inexistence of a thing.
[Dasein]
being is the existence of a thing;
Eternal Oblivion
The belief that consciousness is completely annihilated
The belief that consciousness is completely annihilated
Eternal Oblivion
Reincarnation
The belief that consciousness persists after death and transfers into another body
The belief that consciousness persists after death and transfers into another body
Reincarnation
Afterlife
The belief that consciousness persists and moves to another state of existence
The belief that consciousness persists and moves to another state of existence
Afterlife
It is said that while happiness is fleeting and uncertain, it is _______ that is permanent and assured.
suffering
suffering
It is said that while happiness is fleeting and uncertain, it is suffering that is permanent and assured.
suffering can be divided into two:
physical suffering and mental suffering.
This is a form of mental suffering resulting from a lack of stimulation.
Boredom and Ennui.
Boredom
is the agony of not having anything to do.
s the agony of not having anything to do.
Boredom
ennui
is the agony of boredom despite doing everything. The latter is often a symptom of clinical depression.
is the agony of boredom despite doing everything.
ennui
A form of mental suffering where one eagerly dreads or fears the upcoming future. This results from the many imagined scenarios of what may happen.
Anxiety.
Anxiety.
A form of mental suffering where one eagerly dreads or fears the upcoming future. This results from the many imagined scenarios of what may happen.v
A form of mental suffering that occurs with loss, usually that of a treasured or loved one.
Grief.
Grief.
A form of mental suffering that occurs with loss, usually that of a treasured or loved one
Stages of Grief
Denial
Anger
Depression
Bargaining
Acceptance
Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths
Dukkha: There is suffering
Samudaya: There is a cause of suffering
Nirodha: Attachment is the cause of suffering
Magga: Attachment may be overcome through the Noble Eightfold Path
There is suffering
Dukkha:
Dukkha:
There is suffering
Samudaya
: There is a cause of suffering
: There is a cause of suffering
Samudaya
Nirodha
: Attachment is the cause of suffering
: Attachment is the cause of suffering
Nirodha
Magga
: Attachment may be overcome through the Noble Eightfold Path
: Attachment may be overcome through the Noble Eightfold Path
Magga
Theodicy: The Silence of God
If God is all-good and all-powerful then where does evil comes from?
If God is all-good but not all powerful, then he is incompetent.
If God is not all-good but all-powerful, then he is malevolent.
If God is not all-good and not all-powerful, then why call him God?
If God is all-good but not all powerful,
then he is incompetent.
If God is all-good but not all powerful,
then he is incompetent.
If God is not all-good but all-powerful,
then he is malevolent.
Pleasure is indistinguishable from happiness
The pursuit of physical pleasure is the chief and sole good act
Pleasure is ideally immediate
Hedonism (pleasure)
Hedonism (pleasure)
Pleasure is indistinguishable from happiness
The pursuit of physical pleasure is the chief and sole good act
Pleasure is ideally immediate
In addition to pursuing pleasure, one must avoid pain and suffering
Pleasure may be a result of delayed gratification
Epicureanism
Epicureanism
In addition to pursuing pleasure, one must avoid pain and suffering
Pleasure may be a result of delayed gratification
Units for measuring utility, or “use”, are known
utils
The Hedonistic Calculus
Purity
Richness
Remoteness
Intensity
Certainty
Extent
Duration
“Better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied”
John Stuart Mill
Distinguished between types of pleasure
Physical Pleasure
E.g. Food, Sleeping, Sex, etc.
Mental/Psychological Pleasure
E.g. Discourse, Understanding, Enlightenment, etc
Buddhism: Noble Eightfold Path
Right View
Right Understanding
Right Speech
Right Action
Right Livelihood
Right Effort
Right Concentration
Right Mindfulness
Aristotle: The Golden Mean
Good is a compromise of two evils
Virtue is found in moderation of all things.
Good
is a compromise of two evils
is a compromise of two evils
good
Virtue
is found in moderation of all things.
is found in moderation of all things.
Virtue
Greek term. Often translated to “Happiness” and “Welfare”
Eudaimonia
Eudaimonia
may be achieved through the virtuous actions employed with reason; i.e. rational activity
may be achieved through the virtuous actions employed with reason; i.e. rational activity
Eudaimonia
believes we can face inevitable death through authenticity
Heidegger
we can find meaning, and therefore happiness, despite absurdity
Albert Camus
believes that suffering is the norm of existence and may be overcome
budhism
believed that happiness is achieved by living a rational and virtuous life
aristotle
________ and _________ are intertwined in multiple philosophies
Pleasure and Happiness
