Philosophy Flashcards
What is existentialism?
A philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice.
True or False: Utilitarianism is a theory that suggests actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
True
Fill in the blank: The philosophy that argues reality is mentally constructed is known as __________.
idealism
Who is considered the father of modern philosophy?
René Descartes
What does the term ‘nihilism’ refer to?
The belief that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value.
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher is associated with the concept of the ‘categorical imperative’?
Immanuel Kant
What is the main idea of pragmatism?
The truth of beliefs is determined by their practical consequences and applications.
True or False: Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means to overcome destructive emotions.
True
Fill in the blank: __________ is the philosophical study of knowledge, its nature, and its limits.
Epistemology
What is the primary focus of existential phenomenology?
The study of human experience and consciousness from a first-person perspective.
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher is known for the idea of ‘the social contract’?
Thomas Hobbes
What does ‘absurdism’ explore?
The conflict between humans’ tendency to seek inherent meaning and the universe’s lack of it.
True or False: Marxism is a theory that advocates for a classless society through the means of production being owned collectively.
True
What is the difference between deontology and consequentialism?
Deontology focuses on the morality of actions themselves, while consequentialism focuses on the outcomes of those actions.
Fill in the blank: The philosophy that emphasizes the individual’s subjective experience and freedom is called __________.
existentialism
Who proposed the idea of ‘the will to power’?
Friedrich Nietzsche
What is ‘virtue ethics’ primarily concerned with?
The character and virtues of the moral agent rather than rules or consequences.
Multiple Choice: Which philosophical school believes in achieving happiness through moderation and self-control?
Aristotelian ethics
What does ‘metaphysics’ study?
The fundamental nature of reality, including concepts like being, existence, and the universe.
True or False: Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view.
True
Fill in the blank: __________ is the philosophical belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
Empiricism
What is ‘dialectical materialism’?
A philosophical approach to understanding the world through the lens of material conditions and social relations.
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher is known for the phrase ‘I think, therefore I am’?
René Descartes
What is ‘absurdism’ associated with?
The belief that human beings exist in a purposeless, chaotic universe.
True or False: Hedonism is the philosophical theory that pleasure is the highest good.
True
Fill in the blank: The ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their outcomes is known as __________.
consequentialism
What does ‘altruism’ mean in ethical philosophy?
The selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Multiple Choice: Which philosopher is famous for his work on the ‘veil of ignorance’?
John Rawls
What is the main idea behind ‘social constructivism’?
Knowledge and meaning are constructed through social processes and interactions.
True or False: The ‘trolley problem’ is a thought experiment in ethics that explores moral dilemmas.
True
