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A Level Eduqas Philosophy, Ethics And Religion > Philosophy > Flashcards

Philosophy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 different types of evil?

A

Moral evil and natural evil

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2
Q

What is natural evil?

A

Any suffering that is brought about as a consequence of the events outside the control of free will agent.

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3
Q

What is moral evil?

A

Any suffering that is brought about by the actions of a free will agent.

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4
Q

What are free will agents?

A

Things (people) that have the ability to choose good or evil. As such there actions can result in suffering on others.

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5
Q

What is meant by a ‘God of classical theism’ ?

A

A being that holds certain characteristics.

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6
Q

Describe the quality that God is one.

A

There is no other being equal to God in any way.

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7
Q

What is ex nihilo?

A

(Latin) out of nothing.

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8
Q

Describe the quality that God created ex nililo.

A

There is nothing in existence that God has not created.

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9
Q

What is omnipotence?

A

All powerful.

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10
Q

What is omnibonevolence?

A

All loving

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11
Q

What is omniscience?

A

All knowing

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12
Q

What is omnipresence?

A

All present

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13
Q

Describe the quality that God is eternal.

A

God has always existed and he always will be here.

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14
Q

How does classical theism and the problem of evil disprove the existence of God?

A

Because if the classical theism was true how is there still suffering? This means God may not exist.

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15
Q

What are the 4 parts to the epicurean paradox?

A

•”is God willing to prevent evil but not able? Then he is not omnipotent.”
•”Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent.”
•”Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil?”
•”Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him God?”

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts to the inconsistent triad?

A

Omnibonevolence, omnipotence and evil exists.

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17
Q

Who came up with the inconsistent triad?

A

Australian philosopher John L Mackie.

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18
Q

How can the problem of evil be solved using the inconsistent triad? And why is this a problem?

A

•If one of the points is removed.
•we can’t remove evil exists because there is too much evidence of evil and suffering. If we remove one of the other attributes then God is no longer of classical theism and is not worthy of worship.

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19
Q

What does impotent mean?

A

Without power / helpless

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20
Q

What does malevolent mean?

A

Wicked, desiring to do evil

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21
Q

Who came up with the epicurean paradox?

A

Epicurus

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22
Q

What is another name for the epicurean paradox?

A

The riddle of epicurus

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23
Q

What is the evidential problem of evil?

A

An omnipotent, omnibonevolent God would ant to and be able to remove intense suffering where he could do without creating greater harm or good. Since he doesn’t, he does not exist.

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24
Q

Who came up with the evidential problem of evil?

A

William Rowe

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25
Q

What is Row’s argument to support the evidential problem of evil?

A

In a distant forest, lighting strikes a dead tree, causing a forest fire. A fawn becomes trapped in the fire and is horribly burned. It lies suffering with its injuries for days before days before it dies with no-one aware or able to do anything to help it.

Rowe claimed that this doesn’t benefit anything, no-one freely caused it, no-one could have helped it, and no lessons were learned. This unnecessary, avoidable event should have been prevented if God was both good and powerful.

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26
Q

Who had the idea of premature deaths with the problem of evil?

A

Gregory S Paul

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27
Q

How does premature death fit with the problem of evil?

A

It is impossible for a theist to construct a rational account for God’s nature when there is this magnitude of death of innocent, helpless beings. It is not credible for a God who is both loving and morally perfect to fail to prevent such horror.

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28
Q

What did Gregory Paul call the horrifying number of child deaths?

A

The holocaust of the children

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29
Q

What is a theodicy?

A

An attempt to show that God exists whilst accepting evil and suffering.

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30
Q

Which book in the bible did augustine use for his theodicy?

A

Genesis

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31
Q

What is augustines theodicy?

A

God made a perfectly good world . The eating of the fruit of knowledge of good and evil illustrates the consequence of free will. This is why we have suffering.

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32
Q

Why does agustine say there is natural evil?

A

Because the fall of the Angels disrupted natural order.

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33
Q

Why does agustine say there is natural evil?

A

Because the fall of the Angels disrupted natural order.

34
Q

When did evil fist come into existence?

A

When angels, followed by humans, misused their wills and turned away from God, their creator.

35
Q

What does privation mean?

A

The absence of a quality that is usually present.

36
Q

What is original sin?

A

The sin passed down from Adam in the garden of Eden, passed down to all human descendents.

37
Q

What does augustine say evil is a privation of?

A

Good

38
Q

If evil is a privation of good how does that show that God didn’t create evil?

A

God can’t create an absence, therefore he did not create evil.

39
Q

What example does augustine use to show that evil is a privation of good?

A

Darkness and light: darkness is not a ‘thing’ in itself, there is no source of darkness. Instead it is merely an absence of light. When light is present, darkness does not retreat. It simply doesn’t exist anymore.

40
Q

Which quote shows that God made a perfect world?

A

“God saw all that he had made and it was very good”

41
Q

Who are all human beings descended from?

A

Adam

42
Q

Which word means that we are all descendants of Adam?

A

Seminally present

43
Q

Why do we all have original sin?

A

Because we are all seminally present to Adam therefore we inherited his guilt and sin.

44
Q

What example did augustine use to show that it’s better to bring good out of evil, than to not permit any evil to exist?

A

Black paint: on its own it’s just a useless horrible colour however when it’s in a painting with other colours it helps the colours to stand out and make them look better. This is the same with evil. On it’s own it’s bad but it makes good things better.

45
Q

What is the happy mistake?

A

Although evil and suffering is bad, it made Jesus able to come to earth. Therefore it is good.

46
Q

What is the happy mistake also known as?

A

Felix culpa

47
Q

Is augustines theodicy soul-making or soul-deciding?

A

Soul-deciding

48
Q

Why is augustines theodicy soul-deciding?

A

Those that seek atonement and choose Christ as their savour will after this life be reunited with God in heaven. ** it is up to us.**

49
Q

Why can’t we love and obey God without his help?

A

Because of the bondage of original sin.

50
Q

What is the main problem of evil?

A

The story of Adam and Eve is a myth so why would we be punished for something that didn’t happen.

51
Q

Why is augustines rheodicy rejected scientifically?

A

Because it is not scientifically possible for the whole of humanity to be seminally present to Adam.

52
Q

What does Irenaus’ theodicy say instead of taking the responsibility away God?

A

He puts it firmly on God’s hands but shows that he is justifiedin creating it and allowing it to remain.

53
Q

Is irinaeus’ theodicy soul-deciding or soul-making?

A

Soul-making

54
Q

What is a soul making theodicy?

A

Souls are created then perfected by suffering.

55
Q

According to irinaeus’ philosophy, why did God make us imperfect?

A

We have to potential for perfection. We have to suffer in order to develop to perfection.

56
Q

What example did Irinaeus use to show that his theodicy is soul-making?

A

God is like a craftsman who moulds and makes his creation beautiful.

57
Q

What is imago dei?

A

We are all made in God’s image and likeness.

58
Q

Does irinaeus focus on imago dei?

A

Yes

59
Q

Who developed Irinaeus’ theodicy?

A

John Hick

60
Q

What did Hick add to Irinaeus’ theodicy?

A

If the earth was a place for making happy lives, then it would be a poor creation. This world is a vale of soul-making because suffering helps build us to become more like God. As a result, Hick called this a soul-making theodicy.

61
Q

Which quote in genesis did Irinaeus take his inspiration for his theodicy?

A

‘Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness.’

62
Q

How did Irinaeus understand imago dei (genesis 1:26)?

A

God made us in his image. This includes: morality, intelligence and free will. However, we are not yet fully like him and we must grow into the likeness of God.

63
Q

Why did Irinaeus believe that humans didn’t fall from perfection?

A

Because we were created imperfect.

64
Q

What is religious pluralism?

A

Tolerance of two or more religions being equally valid or acceptable.

65
Q

What is Gnosticism?

A

First-and-second-century heresy that advocated secret knowledge as a path to salvation.

66
Q

What is epistemic distance?

A

A distance from the knowledge of God.

67
Q

What example did Hick use to show epistemic distance?

A

Having the chief of police in your car as you drive along the road. While you would be theoretically free to drive over the speed limit, you would not do so because you would be constrained by that person’s presence.

68
Q

Why does God stay an epistemic distance?

A

So that we can freely choose to develop into his likeness.

69
Q

According to Irinaeus’ theodicy why does God allow natural evil?

A

It provides the opportunity for spiritual growth.

70
Q

What are second-order goods

A

Goods that cannot exist independent of evil.

71
Q

When natural evil occurs, what do we have a chance to demonstrate?

A

Virtues like charity, altruism and compassion.

72
Q

What is the counterfactual hypothesis?

A

Shows that the world was made differently, the result would also be different.

73
Q

What does the counterfactual hypothesis show?

A

That the world in its current state gives us the impetus to improve.

74
Q

What do Irinaeus and Hick argue that our salvation lies in?

A

Our choices on earth.

75
Q

Why are we not eternally damned if we do not achieved moral perfection in this lifetime?

A

Because we continue to develop in purgatory.

76
Q

Where are the innocent who suffer rewarded?

A

In heaven

77
Q

What do those who caused harm have to wait for before they can go to heaven?

A

They have to gain perfection.

78
Q

Can everyone achieve heaven at some point?

A

Yes.

79
Q

How does Irinaeus’ theodicy contradict a God of classical theism?

A

Evil and suffering would not be used as a tool by an omnibonevolent God

80
Q

What is an issue with Irinaeus’ theodicy? distribution

A

Evil is unevenly distributed. Some people live in excessive luxury while others live in extreme suffering.

81
Q

What does Richard Swimburne argue in defence of Irinaeus’ theodicy?

A

The extremes of suffering are necessary for our will to be free. We must be capable of a fully range of evil so that our behaviour has meaning. If God intervened to prevent extreme suffering this would be a ‘toy world’, where our actions matter but not very much.

82
Q

What analogy does John Hick use in defence to Irinaeus’ theodicy?

A

A gun, the bullets of which, when shot at a person’s head, only bounce off and never harm. God could create a world that limited the suffering caused by our actions, but in such a world you could never choose to shoot someone and so you would never really be free to choose evil. So, you could never really be good.

A Level Eduqas Philosophy, Ethics And Religion (3 decks)

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