Philosophy Flashcards
Four things to be considered:
Scientific Approach
Natural light of reason
Study of all things
First cause or the highest principle
because the investigation is systematic. it follows certain steps or it employs certain procedures.
Scientific Approach
the philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or observe the world and the people.
Natural Light of Reason
All other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation, whereas, a philosopher studies human beings, society, religion, language, God and plants, among other concerns.
Study of all things
Philosophy is not _________ or partial. Rather, philosophy is multi dimensional or holistic In other words, philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. He questions almost anything, if not, everything
One dimensional
an idea which means something is the __ why an event or situation took place. It is __ because everything in the world and every situation has a starting point or a beginning
First couse or the highest principle
The first principles are:
Principle of identity
Principle of noncontradiction
Principle of excluded middle
Principle of sufficient reason
whatever is is, and whatever is not is not, everything is what it is.
Principle of identity
it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect
Principle of noncontradiction
a thing is either is or is not, everything must be either be or not be, between being and not being, there is no middle ground possible.
Principle of excluded middle
nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence.
Principle of sufficient reason
- It is an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real
- “True reality” means it is the fundamental source and basis of all reality in the world
Metaphysics
- Nothing we experience in the physical world with our five senses is real.
- calls these realities as ideas of forms.
Plato
- Is the branch of philosophy that explore the nature of moral virtue and evaluates the morality and virtue of human actions.
- Logical arguments to justify claims and positions involving morality.
- Motivate individuals to obey the laws and moral code of their society.
Ethics
Ethics has five main frameworks:
Divine Command
Consequentialism or utilitarianism
Deontological Ethics
Virtue Ethics
Relativism
- What does GOD ordain us to do?
- GOD commands is good while anything he forbids is bad.
Divine Command
What has the desirable consequences? What is good for the greatest number of people is the best choice and the moral choice.
Consequentialism or utilitarianism
A person has a moral duty to do what is right regardless of what the person thinks or feels about that situation.
Deontological Ethics
What kind of person I ought to be? This ethical theory ignores the consequences, duties, and social contrast. Instead, it focuses on character development of individuals and their acquisition of good virtue ethics.
Virtue Ethics
What does my culture or society think I ought to do? Personal religious beliefs and spiritual attitudes are specifically important personal commitments that are relevant to personal and profesional lives.
Relativism
- To be happy is to live a virtuous life.
- Virtuous means having high moral standards (always tell the truth do not cheat, do not judge etc.)
Socrates
- deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge.
- How we can find out what we wish to know? How we can differentiate truth from falsehood?
Epistemology
Some philosophers think that the particular things seen, heard and touched are more important. And philosophers who feel that knowledge is aquired in this way are called empiricism
Induction
is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience
Empiricism
