Philosophies and stand points

Question 1

Rationalism

Answer 1

Statements that are based a priory in logic
possess valid claims over the real world. (Platon)

Deduction: Concluding from the general to the specific

(Theoretical) reasons always require further reasoning. Infinite regress. Can only be stopped by a circular argument or by an (arbitrary) dogmatic end.

Question 2

Empirism

Answer 2

The only source of knowledge is experience
through sensory impressions. (Francis Bacon)

Induction: Concluding from the specific to the general.

“The conclusion from a specific observation to a general rule is logically untrue.”

Question 3

Critical rationalism

Answer 3

An ultimate justification of theoretical statements cannot be achieved due to the presumptive character of all scientific
knowledge. (Karl Popper)
* Theories cannot be verified
* Theories can only be falsified
* Empirical falsification as criteria for good research

Question 4

Positivisme

Answer 4

It is rooted in the belief that knowledge should be derived from observable phenomena and that the social world operates according to laws similar to those of the natural sciences.

Positivism asserts that knowledge can be objective and value-free. Positivists seek to discover general laws or patterns that govern social behaviour, similar to the laws of physics or biology (Auguste Comte).