Philosophical Views Flashcards
● Proponent: Gautama Siddhartha
● Aim: Free of suffering, nirvana,
enlightenment
● Principle: Harmlessness and
moderation
● Application: Moral discipline and
meditative concentration
Indian Philosophy: Buddhism
● Proponent: Confucius
● Aim: Becoming human
● Principles: Life is a gift; The golden
rule; A good government; Period of
mourning
● Application: Provided guidelines for
a way of life
Chinese Philosophy: Confucianism
● Proponent: Lao Tzu
● Aim: Balance in the universe
● Principle: Seeks answers through
meditation and observation
● Application: Developing virtues of
compassion, moderation and
humility
Chinese Philosophy: Taoism
● Proponent: Prophet Muhammad
● Aim: Submission to Allah
● Principle: Follow the five pillars of
Islam
● Application: Serves as a compass for
daily life and ethics. Religious in
nature
Islam Philosophy
● Proponent: Thales
● Aim: Complete living
● Principle: Discovery and harmony
with nature
● Application: Punishment, Inductive
learning, Loco parentis principle
● Teacher: Teacher as a guide
Naturalism
● Proponents: Plato, Descartes
● Aim: Ultimate reality is spiritual or
mental
● Principle: Values are eternal;
Knowledge is independent of sense
experience
● Application: Values, 3R’s, Socratic
Method
● Teacher: Teacher centered
Idealism
● Proponent: Aristotle, Descarte,
Locke
● Aim: “Tabula Rasa” - Locke
● Principle: All knowledge is derived
from experience; natural laws
regulate existence
Realism
● Application: Conditioning of the
student, use of discipline, habit
formation, lecture/memorization,
Socratic method
● Teacher: Teacher centered
Realism
● Proponent: Peirce, James, Dewey
● Aim: “To know all things, to do all
things, and to say all things” - Dewey
● Principle: The essence of an idea
comes from the consequences of its
test or practice
Pragmatism
● Application: Experimentalism,
practicalism, instrumentalism; Hands
on activities
● Teacher: Teacher facilitator, Student
centered
Pragmatism
● Proponent: Aristotle, Aquinas
● Aim: Education is the tool in which
one prepares for life. The basic
principles of education are
changeless and permanent
● Principle: Education should be the
same for everyone
Perennialism
● Application: Basic subjects must be
taught; Classic literatures; Strict
rules, punishments and rewards
● Teacher: Omnipotent; Teacher
centered
Perennialism
● Proponent: Dewey, Kilpatrick
● Aim: Change is the essence of reality
● Principle: Individuality, progress
and change are fundamental
to one’s education. Education
is an ongoing development
Progressivism
● Application: “The Project
Method” of Kilpatrick; Problem
solving skills, cooperation
rather than competition; Active
learning
● Teacher: Teacher facilitator
Progressivism
● Proponent: Bagley, Briggs
● Aim: Students should learn the traditional basic subjects
● Principle: There are certain
essentials that all men should know if
they are to be considered educated.
Essentialism
● Application: Essential skills and
subjects; Traditional methods of
mental discipline
● Teacher: Subject centered
Essentialism
● Proponent: Brameld, Counts
● Aim: Systems must be changed to
overcome oppression and improve
human conditions
● Principle: Learning focuses on social
action on real problems
● Also known as: Social
Reconstructionism and Critical
Theory
Instructionalism
● Application: Social sciences,
research methods, present
social problems; Use of inquiry
and dialogue
● Teacher: Teacher facilitator
Instructionalism
● Proponent: John Locke
● Aim: Belief in sense perception, induction and that there are no innate ideas
● Principle: Knowledge and/or
reality should be based on a
firm evidence, that can be
acquired through proper
experimentation
Empiricism
● Application: Experimental
method; Scientific method;
Inductive reasoning; “Empirically
based evidence”
● Teacher: Teacher facilitator
Empiricism
● Proponent: Pythagoras, Plato,
Descartes, Kant
● Aim: Reason is the ultimate
source of knowledge
● Principle: The belief in innate
ideas, reason and deduction.
Reality has a rational
structure and not simply
through sensory experience.
Rationalism
● Application: Deductive
reasoning; Intuition;
Mathematical methods of
reasoning; Socratic method
● Teacher: Teacher centered
Rationalism
● Proponent: Kierkegaard,
Sarte, Buber
● Aim: Education should center
on the individual on the basis
of his personal choice and
decision
● Principle: Students learn by
making authentic choices;
Reality is subjective
Existentialism
● Application: The student is
encouraged to develop his
personal style and creativity;
Against concepts of teaching
such as showing, guiding and
directing
● Teacher: Teacher makes the
student feel worthwhile
