Philosophical Perspective Flashcards
“Know thyself.”
Socrates
“An unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates
“Each person has an immortal soul.”
Aristotle and St. Augustine
“The body is the source of endless trouble.”
Plato
“The soul is superior to the body.”
St. Augustine
“The self is a thinking thing.”
Rene Descartes
“The self exist because of memory.”
John Locke
“There is no self, only a bundle of different perceptions.”
David Hume
“The self transcends experiences.”
Immanuel Kant
“The self is multi-layered.”
Sigmund Freud
“The self is the way people behave.”
Gilbert Ryle
“The self is the brain.”
Paul Churchland
“The self is embodied subjectivity.”
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
During this period, perspectives on understanding the self suggest that all reality should be questioned, and that people construct meanings into their lives.
Post-modern period
He believed that the self is the soul.
Socrates
For him, it is distinct to man and it is God-given.
Plato
What are the three parts of the soul?
Reason
Physical appetite
Spirit or passion
The divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
Reason
It includes our basic instinctual needs including hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
Physical appetite
It includes basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness, and empathy.
Spirit or passion
To him, knowledge existed in the soul prior to any actual experience.
Plato
He is considered to be the first person to put into writing an explanation pertaining to behavior of man.
Aristotle
Function that deals with the basic maintenance of life.
Vegetative
Function that focuses on the desires and motives.
Appetitive
It governs reason that is located in the heart.
Rational
3 functions of soul according to Aristotle
Vegetative
Appetitive
Rational
For him, the brain is simply a gland that can only perform basic functions.
Aristotle
For him, the rational makes us different from other living creatures.
Aristotle
Four concepts which give way to understand any being/4 causes:
Material Cause
Formal Cause
Efficient Cause
Final Cause
According to him, the soul is the “spouse” of the body; united and attached to one another.
St. Augustine
He is considered as the father of modern philosophy.
Rene Descartes
Cogito ergo sum – “I think therefore I am” is the keystone of his concept of self.
Rene Descartes
For him, the act of thinking about the self or of being self-conscious is in itself a solid basis that there is self that exists.
Rene Descartes
Indicates that the mind and body interact.
Reflex action
The mind is the spiritual entity – the _______ and the body is the physical or material entity – the _______
thinking self
physical self
Material substances which could move very quickly, like sparks shooting off from a flame.
Animal spirits
He is also well-known for his term “Tabula Rasa” or a blank slate of which at birth, the mind is just a blank sheet that collects its contents through experiences that a person will go through in his/ her entire life
John Locke
Or a blank slate
Tabula Rasa
In his analysis, he wrote that all ideas came from experience.
John Locke
The school of thought that espouses the idea that knowledge can only be possible if it is sensed and experienced
Empiricism
These are basic sensations that include hate, love, joy, grief, pain, cold, and heat that are so strong and lively. They are the core of our thoughts.
Impressions
Thoughts and images from impressions that are less lively and vivid.
Ideas
The _____ is the totality of a person’s consciousness.
Self
According to Kant, we, human beings, have the faculty called _______.
Rational will
The capacity to act according to principles that we determine ourselves
Rational will
Word that means inherent mental capacity.
Faculty
He opposed the concept of Locke that the mind is a blank slate, rather, according to him, it is capable of acquiring knowledge through sensory experience.
Immanuel Kant
_______ consists of the mental faculty to construct ideas and thoughts that are beyond our immediate surroundings.
Rationality
According to him, humans can act according to reasons while animals act according to their impulses.
Immanuel Kant
He referred to the self an entity no one can locate and analyze.
Gilbert Ryle
According to Gilbert Ryle, the ________ is the totality of the human person, the way we behave, our system of thoughts, and our emotions
Human mind
Merleau-Ponty said that the _____ and _____ are intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another.
Mind and body
Which of pair of philosophers have conflicting concept about knowledge? One said that knowledge existed even before the actual experience, while the other one argued that knowledge is acquired through experience.
Plato and Locke
Who said that “there is no self, only physical body”?
David Hume
Who among the following thinkers is a known phenomenologist?
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
He defined the self simply as bodily behaviors.
Gilbert Ryle
“The self is a unifying subject, an organizing consciousness.”
Immanuel Kant
“Every being has an apparent end or goal.”
Aristotle
WHO:
Series of experience
David Hume
Who said that “Once the body dies, the soul survives beyond death.”
Socrates
WHO:
Death is final
David Hume
Personal identity is made possible by self-consciousness.
John Locke
WHO:
Self is physical body.
John Locke
WHO:
The self is a thinking self separate from the body.
Rene Descartes
TRUE OR FALSE:
The substance, for Locke is a physical body.
TRUE
This philosopher believes that the mind and body cannot be separated from one another.
Ponty
TRUE OR FALSE:
For Hume, death is final.
TRUE
Rene Descartes said that our mind and thought are true identity and he called it _____.
Soul
Philosophy is the study of ______.
General and fundamental problems.
He doubted the basic idea of individual character and says that there is no lasting self.
Hume
He believes that the mind could reflect upon itself.
Locke
In the three parts of the soul, this is dependent on the mind and heart.
Spirit or passion
A philosopher who believes in that one can know only what comes from the series of experience.
David Hume
