PHILOSOPHERS (based on pages 18-21) Flashcards
*Knowledge is the personification of good, while ignorance is that of evil
*Self- Knowledge is the ultimate virtue. As the ultimate virtue, it will lead to ultimate happiness
SOCRATES (Idealism)
Socratic Philosophy
SOCRATES (Idealism)
*Moral virtue is rooted in the intellect and leads to happiness
*Wisdom and Knowledge lead to virtue which will lead to happiness
PLATO (Idealism)
Dualism & Idealism Philosophy
PLATO (Idealism)
*Ideal is found inside the phenomena and the universals inside the particulars
*Ideals are ESSENCE and phenomena are MATTER
*MATTER has no form. ESSENCE has no mass.
*MATTER and ESSENCE need each other
ARISTOTLE (Empiricist)
Aristotelian Philosophy
ARISTOTLE (Empiricist)
- All knowledge leads to god
*Only Pure in heart can see God
*Love of God, faith in him, and understanding of his gospel will ultimately lead to happiness
ST. AUGUSTINE (Platonism)
Neoplatonism Philosophy
ST. AUGUSTINE (Platonism)
- “I think, therefor, I am”
*The mind and soul can exist without the body
*Establishing the distinction of soul from the body can make people believe in the afterlife and the soul’s immortality
René Descartes (Rationalist)
Mind-Body Dualism
René Descartes (Rationalist)
Theory of Personal Identity
JOHN LOCKE (Empiricist)
*It is consciousness alone that identity exists, not in the body and soul
*There is a distinction between man & person
*The soul may change, but consciousness remains intact
JOHN LOCKE (Empiricist)
*All Knowledge passes through the senses
*Separate ideas can be joined in the mind
*There is no self, only a bundle of perceptions
DAVID HUME (Empiricist)
Skeptical Philosophy
DAVID HUME (Empiricist)
*Reason is the final authority
of morality
*There is inner self and outer self
*The inner self includes rational reasoning and psychological state
*The outer self includes the body and physical mind, where representation occurs
IMMANUEL KANT (Rationalist / Empiricist)
Metaphysics of the Self Philosophy
IMMANUEL KANT (Rationalist / Empiricist)
- “I act, therefore, I am”
*The mind is not the seat of self. It is not a separate, parallel thing to our physical body
*The mind is a category mistake brought about by habitual use. The only way it can affect the other is through the external world
GILBERT RYLE (Empiricist)
The Concept of Mind Philosophy
GILBERT RYLE (Empiricist)
- A fully neuroscience will eliminate the need for beliefs since “they are not real”
*The physical brain gives us a sense of self
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND (Empiricist)
Neurophilosophy
PATRICIA CHURCHLAND (Empiricist)
Phenomenology of Perception Philosophy
MAURICE MERLEAU - PONTY (Existentialist / Empiricist)
*Both empiricism and intellectualism are flawed in nature
- “We are our bodies”
*Our bodily experiences do not detach the subject/object, mind/body, rational/irrational
MAURICE MERLEAU - PONTY (Existentialist / Empiricist)
Mother of all disciplines
PHILOSOPHY
Socrates prized student who thoroughly expounded on Socrates ideas of the self
PLATO
The philosophy of the self has been defined through two distinctions lenses…
EMPIRICISM & RATIONALISM
Plato’s prized student who expounded and formalized about the human self
ARISTOTLE
There is no such thing as innate knowledge; instead, knowledge is derived from experience
EMPIRICISM
There is innate knowledge; explains the self from the standpoint of what is “Ideal” and “True”
RATIONALISM
Dominant rational philosopher
René Descartes (Rationalist)
