Philosophers and Ideologies

Question 1

Thomas Hobbes (4)

Answer 1

• Human selfishness results in chaos and harm to everyone
• everyone should give up sovereignty
• Believed in leviathan leader (can only justify use pf power to protect people)
• Individualism

Question 2

John Locke (5)

Answer 2

• opposed to authoritarianism of church and state
• People are reasonable and Logical to make their own decisions
• Social contract
• Democracy
• Individualism
• protect individual rights (life, liberty, property)

Question 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (5)

Answer 3

• interested in common good
• People are inherently good
• people lose their compassion from society
• Democracy
• Collectivism

Question 4

John Stuart Mill (4)

Answer 4

• Individuals can act as they want as long as it doesn’t hurt others
• Free speech
• Democracy
• Government only has power to protect security

Question 5

Baron De Montesquieu (5)

Answer 5

• Against the divine right of kings
• Believed in worth and equality of individuals
• Separation of powers
• Democracy
• Individualism

Question 6

Luddites

Answer 6

Workers replaced by machines that revolted by breaking the machines in a movement called “Luddism”

Question 7

Chartists

Answer 7

Working class movement focused on political and social reform looking to counter the inequality created by the industrial revolution

Question 8

Karl Marx

Answer 8

• capitalism is exploitative
• Labour is supposed to be creative
• capitalism would fail througha series of WORLDWIDE revolutions
• Collectivism (cooperative and voluntary society)
• WITHOUT a permanent dictator

Question 9

Marxism

Answer 9

• Collectivism
• Radical socialism
• Communism WITH permanent dictator
• people motivated by common good
• No one can get a lot of wealth while some live in poverty

Question 10

Socialism main points (3)

Answer 10

• Public ownership of property
• Government controlled subsidies
• Redistribution of wealth
• Cooperation
• Collectivism

Question 11

Robert Owen (4)

Answer 11

• Harshness of laissez-faire capitalism corrupted human nature
• Person’s character comes from environment
• Collectivism through everyone supporting each other using their potential in their own interests
• Socialist

Question 12

Edmund Burke

Answer 12

• A reactionary
• Society should be a hierarchy
• Government chosen with select few responsibilities
• leaders provide humanitarian care

Question 13

Adam Smith

Answer 13

Father of capitalism

Question 14

John Maynard Keynes

Answer 14

• advocated for direct government action in economic affairs
• Government should increase spending and decrease taxes in recession
• should decrease spending and increase taxes in good economy

Question 15

Charles Montesquieu

Answer 15

• liberalism
• supply and demand
• little gov involvement

Question 16

Bolsheviks

Answer 16

• Far -left marxists
• “Peace, Land, bread!”

lead to leninism

Question 17

Leninism

Answer 17

• Communism = mixed economy + welfare state
• Brought on positive changes for citizens
• land redistribution, factories given to workers, men and women equal
• “nessisary step backward to get to success” (backward = shift to the right towards capitalism)

lead to stalinism

Question 18

Stalinism

Answer 18

More extreme leninism, with added power to the dictator

Question 19

Facism

Answer 19

“anti-liberalism, anti-socialist, violently exclusionsary, expantionalist nationalists”
- “Social darwinism” the idea that some people are just better
- democracy is weak
- Created by mussolini

Question 20

Autarky

Answer 20

self sufficiency

Question 21

Classical liberalism

Answer 21

• no gov interferance
• sole function of government is to protect rights to life, liberty and property
• economic liberalism and freedom of the entreprenuer
• some classical liberalist do not trust popular democracy (fear of majority dissagreeing)
• EQUALITY OF OPROTUNITY

Question 22

Effect of classical liberalism

Answer 22

• great depression
• wealth gap
• political instability and hyper consumerism
• Developed communism and fascism against it

Question 23

Environmentalism

Answer 23

• Issues arose from pestisides, nuclear testings and toxic waste being dumped in oceans
• enshrine the right to a healthy environment in the constitution
• today focuses on negative impact of human activity on the evironment

Question 23

Modern liberalism

Answer 23

• significant gov intervention
• all individuals equal
• programs to help disadvantaged people
• Share the benefits of development equally
• Democracy
• freedom to excersise right to freedom depends on certain conditions, and the government helps meet those conditions
• EQUALITY OF OUTCOME

Question 24

Neo-conservatism

Answer 24

• against modern liberalism ideals that have gone too far
• shift back towards classical liberalism (to the past)
• Government involvment should be limited and only provide most essensial services
• Economic growth stimulated by cutting corperate or income taxes
• lower taxes

Question 24

Basic feminism

Answer 24

• Inequality between men and women is most significant
• must rectify sexual inequalities

Question 25

Liberal Feminism

Answer 25

• both men and women are harmed by gender inequalities
• creation of equal opprotunities