Philosophers and Authors Flashcards
“The good man should be a lover of self (for he will both himself profit by performing noble acts, and he will benefit his fellows), but the wicked man should not; for he will hurt both himself and his neighbours, following as he does evil passions”
Aristotle
_____ was Jewish and developed his theories in the years following the Holocaust. He was appalled at the implication of relativism that there is no objective basis for morally condemning the Nazis.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Creator of the 6 stages of moral reasoning that are common to all people.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Created a Hierarchy of human needs.
Abraham Maslow
Posed the Euphyphro problem.
Plato
The classic statement of the “why be moral” problem was posed by _____ in The Republic.
Plato
SELF INTEREST: Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer the employment which is most advantageous to society.
Adam Smith
The classic exponent of contract theory/contractarianism.
Thomas Hobbes
Author of Leviathan.
Thomas Hobbes
His ethical and political theory is all about avoiding the “war of all against all” of a hypothetical state of nature, and persuading us to accept a minimal morality that is necessary for civil peace.
Thomas Hobbes
He is known for an approach to morality that emphasizes acting out of duty and is based on principles that can be universalized, as well as the importance of respect for persons.
Immanuel Kant
He is accused of “rule worship” by utilitarians. He believed it is best if we act out of duty or respect for morality - not personal inclination, or friendship, or love.
Immanuel Kant
____ thinks we should follow “maxims” (rules of action based on principles) like “do not steal.” He thinks that all maxims ought to be universalizable - that is, that they should be able to be accepted by all people.
Immanuel Kant
Which ethical theory is John Stuart Mill associated with?
Utilitarianism
______ rejected the single theory approach to ethics - the attempt, common to both Kant and utilitarians, to reduce ethics to a single principle or criterion. He developed deontology.
W.D. Ross
The most famous contemporary utilitarian is ________, an Australian applied ethicist and defender of animal rights
Peter Singer
The classic exponent of virtue ethics.
Aristotle
Responsible for the Doctrine of the Mean - analyzed virtues as the midpoint between excess and deficiency. Virtue is the mean between too much and too little.
Aristotle
Developed the Ethics of Care.
Carol Gilligan
_______ asks us to consider what terms of justice it would be rational for us to agree to if we were negotiating behind a “Veil of Ignorance” and did not know whether we would be born rich or poor, male or female, etc.
John Rawls
He discusses the relationship between Capitalism and Morality.
James Q. Wilson
________ was a Jewish-American political theorist who wrote a controversial study of Eichmannn at the time of his trial.
Hannah Arendt
__________ makes a case for Stakeholder theory, which shifts focus from the owners (stockholders) to a variety of groups (stakeholders) who have a stake in or claim on the firm.
R. Edward Freeman
_________ is the classic defender of the Stockholder Theory - the view that managers only have an ethical responsibility to the owners of the company
Milton Friedman
He conducted the Milgram experiment: Subjects were told they were participating in an experiment on the effects of punishment on learning. They were asked to shock “learner” (a stooge) every time he answered incorrectly, and to move incrementally up the voltage ladder (15-450 volts) after every incorrect answer.
Stanley Milgram
Robert Solomon is associated with which theories?
Abstract Greed and the Profit Motive
Responsible for coming up with the 6 key features which define professions.
Michael Bayles
Author of “Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life”
Sissela Bok
Author of the article “Is Business Bluffing Ethical?”
Albert Carr
_________ argues that business is like poker. It requires bluffing and has its own “game ethic” different from the ethics of religion and private life.
Albert Carr
The Dependence Effect is a concept developed by:
John Kenneth Galbraith
Who is the father of behaviourism?
John B. Watson
Who came up with the “Employees’ Bill of Rights”?
David Ewing
____________ has a problem with how in most corporations, “the Constitutional rights that employees have grown accustomed to in family, school, and church life generally must be left outdoors, like cars in the parking lot.
David Ewing
________ raised the issue of high turnover for female managers and linked it to family issues.
Felice Schwartz
_________ is a Canadian journalist and “dissident feminist.” In mid-90’s she wrote The Princess at the Window, a book critiquing the more extreme expressions of feminism, especially in regard to sexuality.
Donna Labramboise
_______ sees affirmative action as justified (a) in the case of American blacks and (b) for a generation or two. It is justifiable only as a special remedy for the “rigid racial caste system” that long prevailed in the US.
Thomas Nagel
_______, a retired University of Waterloo professor, is one philosopher who denied we have a right to non-discrimination.
Jan Narveson
Who came up with main arguments against affirmative action?
Louis Pojman
_____________, a black libertarian economist, has written several articles critical of affirmative action.
Thomas Sowell
_________ is the leading philosophical defender of animal rights.
Peter Singer
