Philosophers and Authors

Question 1

“The good man should be a lover of self (for he will both himself profit by performing noble acts, and he will benefit his fellows), but the wicked man should not; for he will hurt both himself and his neighbours, following as he does evil passions”

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

_____ was Jewish and developed his theories in the years following the Holocaust. He was appalled at the implication of relativism that there is no objective basis for morally condemning the Nazis.

Answer 2

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 3

Creator of the 6 stages of moral reasoning that are common to all people.

Answer 3

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 4

Created a Hierarchy of human needs.

Answer 4

Abraham Maslow

Question 5

Posed the Euphyphro problem.

Answer 5

Plato

Question 6

The classic statement of the “why be moral” problem was posed by _____ in The Republic.

Answer 6

Plato

Question 7

SELF INTEREST: Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of society, which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer the employment which is most advantageous to society.

Answer 7

Adam Smith

Question 8

The classic exponent of contract theory/contractarianism.

Answer 8

Thomas Hobbes

Question 9

Author of Leviathan.

Answer 9

Thomas Hobbes

Question 10

His ethical and political theory is all about avoiding the “war of all against all” of a hypothetical state of nature, and persuading us to accept a minimal morality that is necessary for civil peace.

Answer 10

Thomas Hobbes

Question 11

He is known for an approach to morality that emphasizes acting out of duty and is based on principles that can be universalized, as well as the importance of respect for persons.

Answer 11

Immanuel Kant

Question 12

He is accused of “rule worship” by utilitarians. He believed it is best if we act out of duty or respect for morality - not personal inclination, or friendship, or love.

Answer 12

Immanuel Kant

Question 13

____ thinks we should follow “maxims” (rules of action based on principles) like “do not steal.” He thinks that all maxims ought to be universalizable - that is, that they should be able to be accepted by all people.

Answer 13

Immanuel Kant

Question 14

Which ethical theory is John Stuart Mill associated with?

Answer 14

Utilitarianism

Question 15

______ rejected the single theory approach to ethics - the attempt, common to both Kant and utilitarians, to reduce ethics to a single principle or criterion. He developed deontology.

Answer 15

W.D. Ross

Question 16

The most famous contemporary utilitarian is ________, an Australian applied ethicist and defender of animal rights

Answer 16

Peter Singer

Question 17

The classic exponent of virtue ethics.

Answer 17

Aristotle

Question 18

Responsible for the Doctrine of the Mean - analyzed virtues as the midpoint between excess and deficiency. Virtue is the mean between too much and too little.

Answer 18

Aristotle

Question 19

Developed the Ethics of Care.

Answer 19

Carol Gilligan

Question 20

_______ asks us to consider what terms of justice it would be rational for us to agree to if we were negotiating behind a “Veil of Ignorance” and did not know whether we would be born rich or poor, male or female, etc.

Answer 20

John Rawls

Question 21

He discusses the relationship between Capitalism and Morality.

Answer 21

James Q. Wilson

Question 22

________ was a Jewish-American political theorist who wrote a controversial study of Eichmannn at the time of his trial.

Answer 22

Hannah Arendt

Question 23

__________ makes a case for Stakeholder theory, which shifts focus from the owners (stockholders) to a variety of groups (stakeholders) who have a stake in or claim on the firm.

Answer 23

R. Edward Freeman

Question 24

_________ is the classic defender of the Stockholder Theory - the view that managers only have an ethical responsibility to the owners of the company

Answer 24

Milton Friedman

Question 25

He conducted the Milgram experiment: Subjects were told they were participating in an experiment on the effects of punishment on learning. They were asked to shock “learner” (a stooge) every time he answered incorrectly, and to move incrementally up the voltage ladder (15-450 volts) after every incorrect answer.

Answer 25

Stanley Milgram

Question 26

Robert Solomon is associated with which theories?

Answer 26

Abstract Greed and the Profit Motive

Question 27

Responsible for coming up with the 6 key features which define professions.

Answer 27

Michael Bayles

Question 28

Author of “Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life”

Answer 28

Sissela Bok

Question 29

Author of the article “Is Business Bluffing Ethical?”

Answer 29

Albert Carr

Question 30

_________ argues that business is like poker. It requires bluffing and has its own “game ethic” different from the ethics of religion and private life.

Answer 30

Albert Carr

Question 31

The Dependence Effect is a concept developed by:

Answer 31

John Kenneth Galbraith

Question 32

Who is the father of behaviourism?

Answer 32

John B. Watson

Question 33

Who came up with the “Employees’ Bill of Rights”?

Answer 33

David Ewing

Question 34

____________ has a problem with how in most corporations, “the Constitutional rights that employees have grown accustomed to in family, school, and church life generally must be left outdoors, like cars in the parking lot.

Answer 34

David Ewing

Question 35

________ raised the issue of high turnover for female managers and linked it to family issues.

Answer 35

Felice Schwartz

Question 36

_________ is a Canadian journalist and “dissident feminist.” In mid-90’s she wrote The Princess at the Window, a book critiquing the more extreme expressions of feminism, especially in regard to sexuality.

Answer 36

Donna Labramboise

Question 37

_______ sees affirmative action as justified (a) in the case of American blacks and (b) for a generation or two. It is justifiable only as a special remedy for the “rigid racial caste system” that long prevailed in the US.

Answer 37

Thomas Nagel

Question 38

_______, a retired University of Waterloo professor, is one philosopher who denied we have a right to non-discrimination.

Answer 38

Jan Narveson

Question 39

Who came up with main arguments against affirmative action?

Answer 39

Louis Pojman

Question 40

_____________, a black libertarian economist, has written several articles critical of affirmative action.

Answer 40

Thomas Sowell

Question 41

_________ is the leading philosophical defender of animal rights.

Answer 41

Peter Singer