Philosophers

Question 1

Benedictus de Spinoza

Answer 1

Maintained that thought and extension are two attributes of the infinite substance God also use that example of Burdians as to argue that are free will is an illusion

Question 2

John Locke

Answer 2

Held the theory of representative realism argued for primary and secondary qualities in objects

Question 3

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 3

Materialist all objects are bodies in motion

Question 4

George Berkeley

Answer 4

British Empericist and idealist who denies the existence of material substance and held that sensible objects exist only in the mind all objects are ideas in the mind of God

Question 5

David Hume

Answer 5

The great skeptic denied induction cause-and-effect and the self

Question 6

Immanuel Kant

Answer 6

Argued for the noumenal and phenomenal worlds claimed that our mind is an active agent in constructing our reality

Question 7

Leibniz

Answer 7

All objects are immaterial monads

Question 8

Gaunilo

Answer 8

A French monk argues that existence does not make something more perfect he gives the example of a perfect Island he employs a reductio argument a reductio argument employees the same structure but change is one word thereby making the conclusion absurd

Question 9

Nietzsche

Answer 9

Is said to have declared that God is dead if you are intelligent able to reason you understand that God is a fable a fairytale used by the powerful to control the weak

Question 10

Soren Kierkegaard

Answer 10

True understanding of God is beyond our comprehension that is beyond time and space Jesus became part of time part of space he became a contradiction a paradox truth is subjective truth is relative belief in God is contradictory

Question 11

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 11

In the summa theological he gave five proves for God’s existence the first four ways fail but the fifth may provide good reason to believe in God

Question 12

Blaise Pascal

Answer 12

Thought belief in God served a rational self interest he propose the Prudential argument for God’s existence

Question 13

Sun Tzu

Answer 13

Wrote the art of war but may have never existed is a mythical military leader of China

Question 14

Lao Tzu

Answer 14

Founder of Taoism

Question 15

Aristotle

Answer 15

Virtue ethics. He argues that happiness is the goal of life. happiness Greek: eudaimonia means human flourishing or LivingWell or doing well to be happy we must be acting in accordance with the right reason the rational part of the soul must be in control of our appetites

Question 16

Plato

Answer 16

The appetitive Side of our soul drives are impulses and desires. Reason according to this philosopher must keep the desires and check allowing our passions to make decisions for us will lead to chaos and ruin

Question 17

Immanuel Kant

Answer 17

Categorical imperative our moral duty is noble by means of our rationality are rationality allows human beings to be conscious of rules of behavior which he considers to be both Universal and necessary

Question 18

Nietzsche

Answer 18

Slave morality versus master morality the weak hold the slave morality claims are all equal all deserve fairness resent the power and right of the elite the powerful hold the master morality morality of nobility where cunning and pride are held in high regard denies equality of persons

Question 19

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 19

Ethical egoism each person ought to pursue his self interest exclusively philosophical egoism each person does pursue his own interest exclusively

Question 20

Taoism

Answer 20

One of the great philosophical traditions in China according to which the individual will find peace and tranquility through quietly following the Tao

Question 21

Hinduism

Answer 21

The western word for the religious beliefs and practices of the majority of the people of India

Question 22

Mencius

Answer 22

Believed each person had the potential for becoming perfect doing so as a matter recovering the lost mine and forgot heart it is a matter of thinking and feeling naturally a matter of following intuition and conscience

Question 23

Al Kindi

Answer 23

Develop the idea of God as an absolute and transcendent being which was in accord with their Muslim ideas of the time

Question 24

Al Ghazali

Answer 24

Criticized Avicenna’s notion of the attorney of the world as well as the lower status given to the religious law as a mere symbol of hard truths to be assessed to intuition

Question 25

Chuang Tzu

Answer 25

Most important Taoist perceived that many people live their lives of slaves of power and riches

Question 26

Buddhism

Answer 26

Philosophical tradition founded by gautama Siddhartha Buddha in the fifth century that took on various forms of religion spread throughout Asia what is an attempt to help the individual conquer the suffering mutability of human existence through the elimination of desire and ego in attainment of the state of nirvana

Question 27

Karl Marx

Answer 27

Father of communism and Marxism

Question 28

Thomas Hobbes vs Renée Descartes vs George Berkeley

Answer 28

Thomas: The movements of these material objects is all that exists like our minds that motion inside our minds leads to motion on the outside which we see as ideas with certain properties on the outside

Rene: true knowledge comes only through the application of pure reason evil demon conjecture is the most preposterous and proving that wrong and proving how real something is

George Berkeley: practical objects do not exist without understanding. Through perception is how things exist. That everything exist through our senses. Even when we’re not around certain objects they are still existing because of the perceiving mind of God

Question 29

Immanuel Kant vs John Stuart Mill

Answer 29

Immanuel Kant believes in acting in such a way that you would like for it to be a universal Maxim that everyone will follow while John Stuart Mill believes in the consequences rather than the actions as long as the consequences are good then your actions are justified

Question 30

Thomas Hobbes vs John Locke

Answer 30

Thomas Hobbes in the state of nature believe that men are free and don’t have to rely on anyone else they have a right to go after their own self interest and have no obligations to anyone else in nature individuals rely on themselves

John Locke believes that meant in the state of nature are free and equal and have the freedom to do as they please as long as they remain within the boundaries of nature everyone has their individual rights but they also have to respect the natural rights of others and their freedom

Question 31

Protagoras vs Anaximander vs Heraclitus

Answer 31

Heraclitus: believes that the vital characteristic of reality is that it is always changing there is no reality except change that the reality that we see is constant and never ending is just a false belief also change does not occur in a certain order it is by chance and incidental

Anaximander: our reality comes from a basic entity something more basic than water and all the other elements that we have understanding of the from this entity our world list form that will we see a star is another bodies in the universe I just holes in the mist that world is surrounded by along with the fire

Protagoras: what each person sees as valid is their fax and explanations as to why things are the way they are our reality can be measured through numbers and accountability and we can see the true nature of things

Question 32

Arthur Schopenhauer

Answer 32

The father of pessimism that we will never be satisfied and we have no goals or purpose leading to our inevitable suffering or whole existence is to suffer not existence is more preferable than our own existence

Question 33

Nietzsche vs Leibniz

Answer 33

Nietzsche: rejected belief in God as weak and untenable, he witnessed the death of God as a cultural forces not like he was real or anything but the drive he had in his time thinks this is the worst universe

Liebniz: he believes God is all-knowing and all-powerful and has the idea of infinitely many universes and that if he is ok with this universe this is must be the best of all possible universes

Question 34

Aristotle vs Plato

Answer 34

Plato: only ideas are constant that the world we perceive by our senses is deceptive and constantly changing Believe that things are contained in a category and are not the same as the category itself but the category is much bigger in a different scale

Aristotle: Believe that universal forms were not necessarily attached to each object or concept and that each instance of an object or concept had to be analyzed on its own. Forms have their own independent existence but constrain themselves to the forms that they are

Question 35

Plato

Answer 35

Claimed that the forms exist in a separate reality and are more real than physical things in this world