Phillip Flashcards
1
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
How many moriscos were in Spain 1556?
A
Over 400,000 - 6% of the population
2
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
Why were moriscos resented?
A
Many were wealthy landowners, benefitting from the lucrative silk industry
3
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What was the 1563 edict?
A
Confiscation of morisco land if they could not prove ownership - additionally it banned them from owning weapons and targeted the silk industry
4
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
In 1560, what percentage of those being punished by the Inquisition were morisco?
A
85%
5
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What added to socioeconomic pressures moriscos faced?
A
1567 and 1568 harvest failures
6
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
Why was there fear about the moriscos?
A
Links to North African barbary states and with the ottomans - smuggling and fifth columns
7
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What were moriscos subject to?
A
Heavy taxes, exports were banned, and cheap silk imports from the rest of Spain being favoured
8
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What did the 1567 edict forbid?
A
Most characteristic Morisco customs, including costumes, surnames and ceremonies
9
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What did a 1567 edict say in terms of language?
A
The arabic language would be banned after three years, by which all moriscos were expected to have learnt spanish
10
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What event happened in 1565?
A
The seize of malta, corsair raids penetrated as far as Orgiva
11
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
Why was the government fortunate?
A
Rebels were not joined by moriscos in aragon, valencia and richer inhabitants of granada itself
12
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
In february 1569, what did Francico de Cordoba do?
A
Killed 400 men and reduced 2700 women and children to slavery in Inox
13
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What did Don John benifit from?
A
Internal divisions eg Hernando de Valor being disposed by his own guards
14
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What did the Marques of Mondejar capture?
A
The fort of Guajar and killed everybody inside it
15
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What served to prolong the rebellion?
A
Mistreatment of moriscos by old christians
16
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
How did the gov mishandle the situation?
A
Provoked the revolt, the Duke of Alba advised Philip not to enforce the edicts
17
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
Was the governments swift action successful?
A
Impressive in light of wider context
18
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
Give an example of morisco fighting atrocities
A
In seron the moriscos killed 150 and made 80 slaves
19
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
When did the revolt start and how many rebels joined?
A
December 1568 ad 4000 rebels had joined by january 1569. By January 1570 it had increased to 30,000
20
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
When did don johns troups eventually defeat rebels?
A
By october 1570, the gov then had sufficient control to evacuate moriscos from granada
21
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What happened to men and women found within ten leagues of granada?
A
Men death, women over nine slavery
22
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
From 1586, what happened to morisco maritime access?
A
Restricted in Valencia
23
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
In 1573 what was established?
A
Networks of parishes in areas of high Morisco population
24
Q
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
How many families arrived in Granada and what happened to the towns?
A
12,500 families arrived in Granada occupying 250 of the 400 towns. Due to poor land quality many did not stay.
25
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What did William of Orange say?
'If the moors are able to resist for so long, even though they are people of no more substance of a flock of sheep, what might the people of the lowcountry be able to do?"
26
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
By redistributing moriscos across the peninsula what happened?
The problem was aggravated
27
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
What did Historian Trevor Davies say?
'In fighting the moriscos of granada, it is not too much to say that the spanish empire was fighting for it's life'
28
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
How many moriscos from granada were redistrubuted?
90,000 - 30% of them dying on route
29
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
By 1587 how many moriscos remained in granada?
10,000. Political consensus was that expulsion was the only solution, this did not happen until the 17th century
30
MORISCO REVOLT 1568 - 1570
When was morisco maritime access restricted in Andalusia?
From 1579
31
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
What did Philip fear when many Huguenots settled across the border in France?
The spread of heresy into Aragon
32
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
In July 1590 what did the Justiciar's court prevent?
The extradition on Perez - he was to be executed for the murder of Escobedo
33
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
What was the sense of insecurity heightened by?
Skirmishes between Old Christians and Moriscos in Ribagorza
34
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
What did Philip attempt to buy?
The country of Ribagorza on the border with France to improve security
35
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
In 1588 what did Philip do?
Appoint a non native Viceroy, the Marquis of Almenara, which caused significant unrest
36
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
In 1582 what did Philip do?
Send Castilian troops to valencia to defend against a feared corsair invasion
37
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
What dominated the provinces attention?
The protection of Aragonese fueros, giving apparent legitimacy to their cause
38
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
From 1578 onwards what was there?
Growing lawlessness - civil war seeming like a distinct possibility
39
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
Did aragoneze resentment stop Philip appointing non-native viceroys?
No
40
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
What 1590 what was Zaragoza?
In open defiance, which triggered the creation of the Council or War
41
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
How did Philip change tact in regard to Perez?
Accused him of heresy instead
42
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
Who did the Marquis of Almenara befriend?
The treasurer general of Aragon the count of chinchon
43
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
Why did some nobles fight Philip?
To defend their rights in the face of increasing royal authority
44
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
In 1590 what happened to Perez?
He escaped from castilian jail and returned to aragon
45
ARAGONESE REVOLT 1591
In april 1590 what did perez claim?
Protective custody from the justiciar, Juan de Lanuza
46
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
Who was escobedo?
A secretary originally patronized by Antonio Perez
47
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
Following victory at the Battle of Lepanto 1571 what did Don John increasingly seek?
Fame, glory and fortune
48
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
Why was escobedo originally appointed as DJ's assistant?
In the hope to act a check on his wider ambissions
49
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
Did escobedo restrain DJ as hoped?
No
50
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
What did Perez persuade Philip?
Don John was hoping to unsurp him
51
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
When did Perez persuade Philip escobedo needed to be removed?
1577
52
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
When was Escobedo murdered?
1578 after two failed poison attempts
53
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
When did Philip begin to become suspicious of Perez?
With the death of DJ 1578
54
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
When was Perez charged with murder?
1587
55
THE MURDER OF JUAN DE ESCOBEDO
When did Perez escape to aragon?
1590
56
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Why was Charles' government different to that of his fathers?
- Less outgoing than Charles and preferred to stay in one place
- Established a permanent court at capital Madrid
- Determined to know everything that was going on
57
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What was Philip unable to deal effectively with?
Every matter that came to him, one day he looked at over 400 royal documents
58
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What was Philip?
The only person with complete knowledge about decisions being made, therefore advisors did not know the full picture
59
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Why were there long delays in communication?
Distance, and philip wanted to deal with all important matters by himself. By the time a decision had been made circumstance had potentially passed, councillors feeling need to take action
60
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Why was Philip's style of managing affairs problematic?
Highly conscientious, wanting to do the best for the people he governed. Wanted to give personal attention to every issue. Distrustful.
61
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What was Philip forced to rely heavily on?
Advice he was given
62
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
When did gov become more centralised?
1561: all central gov offices became located in Madrid. A special depository was set up for gov papers so they could be called upon more easily when recquired
63
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Describe conciliar system
Remained, but w modifications. By end of Philip's reign there were 14 central councils.
64
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Describe council of state
Main council, nobles could offer Charles advice. Became entirely castilian through charles' reign. Caused resentment through other parts of the Empire.
65
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What happened to regional councils?
Reorganised, each was to meet regularly at fixed times on fixed days. However, info received from councils by Philip was often incomplete and inaccurate.
66
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Why were juntas established?
Philp became more ill
67
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What did Philip's inheritance lack?
Any significant political unity
68
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
How long did it take for letters to reach Brussels and Mexico?
2 weeks, 2 months
69
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What did the size of philips empire demand?
Instant decision, philip had to rely on various viceroys and govenors
70
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What was Philip's power in spain inhibited by?
Provincial liberties and the lack of union between Castile and Aragon
71
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What percentage of salamanca, and how many towns, were under royal control?
35% and 73/300 towns
72
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Why could Castile not operate the whole empire?
Too small a population and too underdeveloped an economy
73
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Where did Philip spend most of his reign?
El Escorial outside Madrid
74
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What dominated Philip's councils?
Lawyers
75
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Describe council of castile
- Most important
- Functioned as supreme court of law
- Dependent on kings will, rarely attended the meetings
76
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Following the death of perez what happened to the council of castile?
Lost even more authority. Count of Barajas - "intolerable the office of the president of this council"
77
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
From the 1570s what began to emerge?
Informal councils or 'juntas'.
78
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Who co ordinated the juntas?
Mateo Vazquez
79
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Describe membership of the juntas
Decided by Philip. One of their values lay in the flexibility of membership and that experts could be co-opted into them. However, few members had experience outside of Spain
80
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Did a single chief minister dominate Philip's reign?
No
81
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Describe royal secretary importance
Increased under Philip
82
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Describe secretary Don Juan de Idiaquez
Intercepted and withheld a letter addressed to the king by the duke of medina sidonia, declining his appointment to command the spanish armada
83
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
Who succeeded Perez?
Mateo Vazquez
84
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
By the end of Philip's reign what had happened to Castilian Cortes?
Lost almost all of it's rights
85
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What did Philip focus on?
Poderes - the instructions given by towns to their deputies - helped by the existence of at least 66 corregidores in urban areas
86
PHILIP'S GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN
What did Philip remain sensitive to?
Aragonese concerns
87
PHILIP AND RELIGION
What was Philip undoubtedly?
A devoted Catholic
88
PHILIP AND RELIGION
What did Philip's father advise him?
"Serve God, uphold the inquisition and suppress heresy"
89
PHILIP AND RELIGION
What could Philip do?
Appoint bishops and abbots. Most appeals by the clergy could only only be heard by Philip. Control over the inquisition
90
PHILIP AND RELIGION
Define an abbot
A head monk at a monastery
91
PHILIP AND RELIGION
Describe Charles' church reformations
Charles had done little to reform the church. The clergy tended to be uneducated and bishops from noble families. Reforms had been carried out by small groups and individuals.
92
PHILIP AND RELIGION
What were problems for Philip?
- Education of clergy
- Church organisation
- Poor quality of ordinary peoples education
- Heresy
- Relations with the pope
93
94
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
Who did Valdéz accuse of heresy and why?
Caranza, likely he was jealous of his successful careers but he did make some announcements which could be constructed as heretical
95
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
What happened to Carranza?
He was arrested and held prisoner by the inquisition for 7 years whilst Philip and the Inquisition argued against him, vs the pope
96
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
What did Pope Pius V demand?
Carrazana be sent to Rome to be tried there as he would not get a fair trial within Spain
97
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
Why did Philip support the inquisition?
They supported him in preserving Catholicism in Spain
98
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
Why did Philip eventually hand Carranza over?
The pope refused to renew the cruzada tax 1556. He was then charged with a few minor errors and released
99
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
What did Valdes discover in Seville?
130 suspected protestants, another group including a former chaplain to Charles was discovered in valladolid
100
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
1559 decree
Banned students going abroad to study
101
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
What did Valdes drive?
Censorship of heretical work (Spanish index of forbidden books 1559), banned 700 mainly foreign books
102
PHILIP'S RELIGIOUS POLICIES
How many people did the inquisition try?
Over 800, by the end it contained numerous complaints about Spaniards low level of Christian understanding
103
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1559
tensions reached crisis point over the case of carranza
104
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1564
tridente decrees approved by both pope and Philip, Philip wanted to control their implementation in spain
105
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1567
Philip ignored edict about bull fighting
106
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1572
Philip declares all papal bull briefs secured for cases before ecclesial courts should be disregarded, bans appeals to rome
107
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1578
philip to ambassador in Rome "secular princes are not bound to carry out the mandates of the pope in temporal matters"
108
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1582
papacy objected in vain to Philips sending of royal officials to the synod of toledo
109
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
1589
Pope sixtus argues "the preservation of the Catholic religion, which is the principle aim of the pope, is only a pretext for his majesty who wants the security and aggrandisement of his dominions"
110
CONFLICTS WITH THE POPE
What was Philip angered by?
Pope Paul IV accepting Henry IV as king of France once he converted to Catholicism
111
THE SPANISH CHURCH
How many times did the CofT meet between 1545 - 63?
Three times to reform the Catholic faith
112
THE SPANISH CHURCH
What did tridentine decrees result in?
Six new aragoneze bishoprics and the castiglione bishopries in burgos was upgraded to an archbishop
113
THE SPANISH CHURCH
Where did decrees face opposition from?
Clergy and laity
114
THE SPANISH CHURCH
What did tridentine decrees improve?
Calibre of bishops, although where they were needed by the government, being absent from their diosces meant they couldn't oversee clergy and laity closely
115
THE SPANISH CHURCH
Describe Gasper de Quiroga
An excellent example of how individual bishops could make changes; he promoted education and welfare policies and improved standards of his clergy
116
THE SPANISH CHURCH
Who worked for reform?
St John of Cross and St Teresa of Avila
117
THE SPANISH CHURCH
What was founded in every important town of the Iberian peninsula?
Jesuit colleges, preaching and missions.
118
THE SPANISH CHURCH
What did elliot argue?
censorship stifled the intellectual life of Spain, keeping it culturally isolated
119
THE SPANISH CHURCH
How did Kamen dispute elliot?
Intellectuals in Spain has access to a wide range of materials and culturally open through empire missions
120
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
What did the council of trent reinforce?
Traditional foundations of the Catholic doctrine
121
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
Give some ways authority of bishops was strengthened
- Visit their diosces regularly
- Live in their beneficiaries
- Hold meetings with all clergy in their area
122
THE COUNCIL OF TRENT
Describe improvements to priests
- Received more education
- Preach every Sunday
- provide Christian education of the laity
123
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What was there much of in castile?
Infertile land
124
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
Why was little land being cultivated?
Dominance of wool trade
125
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
When did famines strike spain?
1560s, 70s and 80s
126
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
By the 1580s where was spain importing grain from?
Areas as far away as the baltic countries
127
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
When did birth rates begin to fall?
After 1580
128
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
Describe cost of living
Rose as real wages were falling
129
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did inflation mean?
Cost of loans was lower and the king could levy new taxes to keep up with inflation
130
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
1581 antonelli quote
"the prices of goods has risen so much that nobles, gentry and common clergy cannot live on their income"
131
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did higher prices in Spain lead to?
Higher costs for industry production
132
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
Between 1530 and 1555 what doubled in Valladolid?
House rents
133
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did poor road system and tariff barriers make?
The movement of goods around the country problematic
134
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did town guilds do to the introduction of new practices?
Made it difficult in many industries
135
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
Describe goods 1552
Not allowed to leave Spain unless destined for TNW, partially reversed 1558
136
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What happened in 1548?
Foreign cloth allowed to be imported and sold in spain
137
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did Spanish diplomacy focus on 1556 to 81?
Transporting money across France
138
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
1568
Duke of Alba's pay ships seized
139
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
1572
500,000 ducats reached Duke of alba via france
140
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did the fuggers have control of?
Mercury mines of Almaden and military orders property
141
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
Why did Philip declare bankruptcy 1556?
Debts inherited from Charles
142
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What was there a lack of?
A state bank
143
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What was established from 1578 onwards?
An alternative money route across western Mediterranean from Barcelona to genoa
144
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What was the external debt?
20 million ducats
145
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What was there a problem of in regard to the low countries?
Getting money to them given rise in english privateers
146
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did the Genoese have a monopoly over?
Sale of playing cards in Spain and salt works in andulasia
147
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What happened in January 1557?
Payments to debtors suspended and replaced with juros at 5% - further suspensions followed
148
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
When was money sent to the Duke of Parma?
1584 1586 1588 via milan
149
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
In return for revenue what we're banking families given?
Monopolies
150
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
From 1572 onwards where were there threats?
From the Dutch Sea Beggar's
151
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
What did the council of finance lack?
Expertise
152
PHILIP'S ECONOMY
When were millones introduced?
1590
153
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
How much did Castile pay in comparison to the Italian states for the Battle of lepanto?
C 800-000 I 400-000
154
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
How much did the crusade, excusado and servicio taxes raise per year in the 1590s?
1.4 million ducats
155
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
What was the tax increase by the end of Philips reign?
430%
156
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
During Philips reign how much did the price of goods increase by?
A fourfold
157
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
What was the decline in exported wool?
400-000 sacks to 25-000 sacks
158
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
What was Philips end debt compared to average annual income?
85.5 million ducats compared to 9.7 million
159
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF SPAIN
What did money from the new world prove to be?
An injection into the dwindling life on it's mother country
160
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Unlike other European countries, what happened to heretical books?
They were allowed on the grounds offending passages were removed. More liberal than lots of Europe, challenges harsh reputation of Inquisition
161
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Give an example of a book partially censored
Cervantes Don Quixole
162
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Give three examples that escaped the index
Bruno, Galileo, Copernicus
163
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
When were new universities established?
Baeza (1565) Oricheula (1568) Tarragona (1572)
164
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did spain gain in europe?
Intellectual pre eminence in almost every branch of learning
165
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
How many editions did spanish printing publish?
74 editions and 57 reprints of scientific treatsies between 1561 and 1610
166
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
How many volumes did the escorial library have?
14-000 by 1598
167
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What was widely published in spain 1598?
Jose de Acostas natural and moral history
168
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did Juan Lopez do?
Publish observations of the eclipse in spain and america, influenced later astronomical methods
169
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did Deza de Valdez undertake?
Ophthamological work
170
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did philip establish?
A mathematical research centre in Madrid
171
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
How much was a portugeze cartographer allocated a year for research?
400 ducats
172
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did Montano publish?
Polyglot bible
173
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What happened in 1559?
Spanish index of forbidden books, 700 mainly foreign works.
174
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did another 1559 decree forbid?
Spanish students from studying abroad, however many still went to Italy and the Netherlands
175
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Perez quote
'we do not have as good books as other nations... because of our laziness and disregard for the public good"
176
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did bullion stimulate?
Monumental architecture and decorative arts
177
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
What did bullion stimulate?
Monumental architecture and decorative arts
178
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
How many paintings had the marquis of leganes collect?
1333
179
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Describe spanish translations in europe
The court of Louis XIII was said to be as spanish as it was french, abundance of spanish translations
180
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
How many books became published in castilian?
No works to over one third
181
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
Philip religion quote
"Before damaging religion and the service of God, I would lose all my estates, and a hundred lives if I had them, because I do not wish nor do I desire to be the ruler of heretics"
182
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What were Philip's three aims?
- To defend Roman Catholicism from Protestantism and Islam
- To preserve and possibly expand spanish empire
- To become preeminent power in Europe
183
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What was the Spanish Empire?
The leading territorial empire of it's time
184
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
Who was Philip married to when he exceeded the throne?
Mary Tudor: trade between London and Antwerp became essential. Striking religious differences were underplayed and subordinate to political and economic objectives
185
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What did Charles' abdication of the HRE do?
Left land divided between Spain and Austria. Charles brother Ferdinand elected as HRE and Philip took over Spanish lands
186
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
How long could letters take across empire?
Anywhere from 7 days to over a month. Rarely a correlation between speed and importance
187
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What happened in spite/because of letter delays?
Spanish crown developed largest and best information service in europe
188
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What could the spanish navy not do?
Compete with the Ottoman navy
189
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
By late 1550s what did the spanish naval fleet contain?
90 vessels, divided into 4 squadrons of galleys belonging to Spain, Naples, Sicily and Genoa
190
PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What did the extensive ship building campaign lead to?
By September 1564 Garia de Toledo supervised 100 Spanish owned galleys between coasts of spain and north africa
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PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
Describe the spanish army
Sizeable, relied much on independent financers and regional governments
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PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
Why was noble power revived in the provinces?
Centralised government could no longer meet army demands
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PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
What happened to catalonian criminals?
Pardoned if joined the army
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PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
Give infantry figures
269 companies, 54-500 men
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PHILIP'S FOREIGN POLICY AIMS
Give cavalry figures
35 companies, 4780 men
