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Isabella and Ferdinand Flashcards

1
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What did the population refer to themselves as?

A

Either Aragoneze or Castilian

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2
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
How much larger was Castile?

A

4x

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3
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Compare the populations

A

A 1 million C 5 million

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4
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which realm had better ports for trading?

A

Aragon

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5
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which monarchy wielded greater power?

A

The Castilian monarchy

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6
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What were Kings of Aragon expected to respect?

A

The privileges of their nobles which upheld more powerful cortes

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7
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
How many cortes did each realm have?

A

A 3 C 1

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8
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Better economy?

A

Castile, although trade relied on wool

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9
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Towns competing against each other for trade?

A

Aragon

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10
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What religion were both the realms?

A

Catholic if you get this wrong quit

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11
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What are the three provinces of Aragon?

A

Catalonia, Valencia, Aragon

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12
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
What did the marriage create?

A

A united front on European geopolitics. Their rule was considered the golden age for the development of Spain and it’s expanding empire.

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13
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Give the skills of ferdinand

A
  • Experience of politics and military affairs
  • Skillful and pragmatic
  • Personal bravery and leadership in war
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14
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Give the skills of Isabella

A
  • Pious, determined and energetic
  • Worked closely w historians of her time to ensure that her subjects had a positive image of her character and achievements
  • Inspired loyalty and respect
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15
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Did Ferdinand have personal power in Castile?

A

Not really, apart from what isabella granted him

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16
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Where did all children have to be educated?

A

Castile

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17
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
How many children did the couple have?

A

Isabella
John
Joanna
Maria
Catherine

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18
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
What was each kingdom?

A

Administered independently

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19
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When did Isabella and Ferdinand marry?

A

1469

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20
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was Isabella proclaimed queen of castile?

A

1474

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21
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What happened between 1475 - 8

A

Isabella secures the throne through obtaining support from cities and towns in Castile, securing the support of most of the nobles

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22
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was the battle of Toro?

A

1476

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23
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was the treaty of alcocovas?

A

1479

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24
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
When was the war of succession?

A

1475 - 9, Isabella vs supporters of Joanna ‘la Beltraneja’

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25
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Who did Isabella have support of?

A

Aragon seeming as she was married to Ferdinand

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26
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Which countries were against Isabella?

A

Portugal and France

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27
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe the battle of Toro

A

Fought in February 1476, the bulk of Portuguese troupes retreated back to Portugal, along with Joana whose side now hardly had any troupes in Castile

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28
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
After the battle of Toro what happened?

A

IF were in a very strong position to take the castilian throne

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29
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe Isabella’s role

A

Secures the Royal treasury at Segovia and proclaims herself queen within 24 hours. Travels around the country tirelessly drumming up support

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30
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe role of Ferdinand

A

Military expertise, fortifies strategic points

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31
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe compromise with moors

A

A truce is signed w them for the duration of war

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32
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe compromise w nobles

A

The support of mendoza is secured with a promise of future influence by Isabella and of help of his application to become a cardinal by Ferdinand.

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33
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe compromise with towns

A

Given a guarantee of their fueros as in Toledo, or with a threat of a massive fine Seville

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34
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe role of propaganda

A

Writs are issued to nobles accusing Joanna and her followers of being ‘foes of the Fatherland’

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35
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Which noble supported Joanna?

A

Villena

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36
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe treaty of alcocovas

A

Isabella gives up claims on Portuguese lands, alfonso gives up claim to Joanna and Castile

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37
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe treaty of alcocovas

A

Isabella gives up claims on Portuguese lands, alfonso gives up claim to Joanna and Castile

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38
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What was IF’s main aim?

A

To establish a ‘pre-eminent monarchy’: strong position for the crown, ensuring justice and order whilst respecting the rights and customs of individual kingdoms

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39
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Describe personal presence

A

As monarchs they were constantly on the move travelling from one part of their kingdom to another
Visited every part of castile at least once during reign
Allowed them to personally arbitrate in disputes, hear lawsuits and personally deal with revolts

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40
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was a Hermandad set up and where?

A

1476, in every place w more than 50 inhabitants

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41
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Define a santa hermandad

A

Royally controlled

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42
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
How long did hermandades remain for?

A

22 years - only meant to be a temporary measure, success

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43
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What were the roles of hermandades

A
  • Provided soldiers and money for war
  • Policed towns and villages, could try pp for certain crimes, such as robbery, murder, or arson
  • Punishments even for the time were considered harsh and overly severe
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44
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Were the hermandades successful?

A

Yes by the time of devolution had done much to bring localities to order

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45
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Limitations of hermandades

A
  • Only deal with small disorders
  • Other law officials disliked them infringing on their own authority
  • Financial contributions seen as burden
  • Difficult to place everywhere, particularly aragon
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46
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Where were corregidores appointed?

A

Every important town in castile

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47
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What did corregidores do?

A

Collect taxes, report to the crown on state affairs, ensure councils followed royal policy

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48
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What happened to rebellious nobles?

A

Arrested and had their castles burned

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49
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What happened to nobles who had lost land after 1464?

A

It was returned to them

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50
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What were nobles forbidden to do?

A

Make private war or build new castles

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51
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What did FI encourage titled nobility to do?

A

Spend time at their court

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52
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What did support for the crown lead to?

A

Rewards and new titles. The crown also helped nobles stay financially viable, encouraging use of the mayorazago

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53
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What could royal authority not be established until?

A

The conclusion of the civil war

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54
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What did Ferdiand’s acquisition of the role of grand master compensate for?

A

Loss of crown lands alienated by medieval kings of castile

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55
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Describe the act of resumption 1480

A

Nobles deprived half their revenues they had unsurped since 1464. Traditional dignitaries of the realm no longer allowed the vote.

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56
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What did Ferdiand and Isabella take care to appoint?

A

Discrete and capable officials from middling ranks (letrados)

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57
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What were militairy orders made up of?

A

Knights bound by religious vos. Isabella was determined to bring these under the cround, happened in 1489 when Ferdinand became GM

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58
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What was the conilliar system?

A

Various councils of castile, the main one being the consejo royalle. This one consisted of five parts/chambers

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59
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What were the five chambers of the consejo royalle?

A
  • Foreign policy
  • Justice
  • The hermandades
  • Finance
  • A group of nobles from non castilian ruled areas
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60
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What council was formed in 1483?

A

The council of the supreme inquisition

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61
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What ordinances were issued in 1489?

A

Establishing a permenant court in Valladolid and further were later established in Grenada.

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62
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Where were criminal and civil cases tried?

A

Court, each separate kingdom of aragon had their own court of appeal

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63
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What did each of the spanish kingdoms have?

A

It’s own cortes, usually called by IF when they needed money or to confirm royal legislation

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64
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What were the cortes another opportunity for?

A

IF to hear grievances of representatives

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65
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Were the cortes powerful?

A

Yes, often had considerable say over running of the country

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66
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
When did Isabella die?

A

1504

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67
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
Who did Isabella leave the crown of castile to?

A

Her eldest surviving daughter Joanna

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68
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
Why was Joanna having the crown an issue?

A

Already showing signs of mental instability and in her will named ferdiand should act as regent

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69
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
What did Castilian nobles not wish?

A

Ferdinand to rule or have any say over castilian matters

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70
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
In the final years of Isabella’s life what had there been complaints of?

A

Aragoneze officials in castile, and some castilian nobles were keen to regain the power they had lost in previous years

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71
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
What treaty did Ferdinand and Joanna sign in 1506?

A

The treaty of Villafafila; stated Ferdinand giving governance of castile to philip in the event of joannas death, and promised not to play any part in castilain affairs

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72
Q

DEATH OF ISABELLA
What did Ferdinand also do in 1506?

A

Marry Germaine de Foix, hoping for an heir so both castile and aragon wouldn’t be ran by joanna

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73
Q

DEATH OF PHILIP
What happened to Joanna after Philip died?

A

She went mental and refused to let the coffin be buried

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74
Q

DEATH OF PHILIP
Who acted as regent?

A

Cisneros and in accordance with Isabella’s will Ferdinand was bought back to castile

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75
Q

DEATH OF PHILIP
What was cisneros concerned about?

A

Unrest in Castile

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76
Q

DEATH OF PHILIP
Who took charge of castile on Ferdinand’s death?

A

Charles, eldest son of joanna

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77
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
Was there any ever united agreement between the two monarchs?

A

No there was never any agreement of them ruling over a united Spain

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78
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
Was there any unity in religious policy?

A

There was certainly coincidence

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79
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
What were the signs of informal unity?

A
  • Monarchs certainly worked closely together
  • Foreign policy monarchs certainly acted together
  • Castilian gradually became the dominant language
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80
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
What are the clear signs of resistance to unification?

A
  • Many non Castilian Kingdoms feared the union with castile meant losing their distinct identities
  • Many resented Castilians who received the majority of rewards bought about by the two crowns
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81
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
What was Granada?

A

The last non christian kingdom in the iberian peninsula

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82
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
Dates

A

1481- 1492

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83
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
What was the aim of the reconquista?

A

To bring the whole iberian peninsula under catholic rule

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84
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
Describe the role of andulusia

A

Attacked by the moors, created grounds for war

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85
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
Who granted indulgences?

A

The pope

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86
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
How did IF raise taxation?

A

The crusada

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87
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
What were the four reasons for victory?

A
  • Heavy artilery used in christian sieges
  • Rulers of granada divided amongst themselves
  • Raised lots of troups
  • Nobles of andulasia knew area well
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88
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
What were mudjedars allowed to do?

A

Keep their customs, dress, property and religion

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89
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
Describe mudejar numbers

A

100,000 killed
200,000 emmigrated
200,000 stayed

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90
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
Describe european responses

A

Prestige from other catholic monarchs, los reyes catalicos

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91
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
What did the conquest create?

A

A sense of unity between two realms

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92
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
What guns were used?

A

Arquebuses

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93
Q

THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA
Were there artillery advances?

A

Yes

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94
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What did Ferdinand and Isabella petition the pope for?

A

Full authority over the inquisition, although initially resistant to give the spanish crown that much power, this was granted by a papal bull in 1478

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95
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Who masterminded the inquisition?

A

Alfonso de Hojeda

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96
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What was the key institution?

A

The council of the inquisition

97
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
By 1492 what were there?

A

Four tribunals in key towns, staffed by the clergy but controlled by the crown

98
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Why were there no inquisitors appointed until 1480?

A

Opposition

99
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Describe the first auto de fe

A

Held in Seville, burnt 6 conversos

100
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What did a 1482 papal bull promote?

A

A further 7 inquisitors, including the inquisitor general Tomas de Torquemada

101
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What did the inquisitor general have the power to do?

A

Appoint and dismiss inquisitors, the authority in turn was subordinate to the crown.

102
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
By 1483 what had the inquisiton done?

A

Spread to Aragon, giving Torquemada jurisdiction over more of the IP than any over official

103
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Why did the authority of the inquisition face much opposition in aragon?

A

It defied Aragonese fueros as non-native officials were forbidden to function

104
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
In 1484 what did the Valencian cortes do?

A

Denounce the inquisition as it violated their fueros

105
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What did the inquisition become focused on?

A

Threats of heresy and apostasy, although it later became focused on personal animosities and socio economic rivalries

106
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What did collection of evidence have to be?

A

Rigorous and had to come from many witnesses, although prosecution witnesses were allowed to remain anonymous

107
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Describe inquisition opposition

A

Conversos appealed to rome, regional immunities, local magistrates and the monarchs.

108
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
What happened to the Inquisitor of Aragon 1485?

A

He was assassinated

109
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Between 1480 - 88 in Seville alone how many conversos were burnt?

A

700.

110
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
How many people were burnt between 1480 and 1530?

A

Around 2000

111
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
By 1480, how many converso families had fled Andalusia?

A

4000

112
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
In cordoba, how many conversos were burnt in a single auto de fe?

A

107

113
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Whilst the inq focused heavily on conversos, what did it not pursue?

A

Those who followed a different religion and made no attempt to convert

114
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION
Were there rights to appeal against verdicts?

A

No

115
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
Increased hatred of Jews during IF reign

A
  • ‘Obscene, detestable and vile’
  • Jewish sections of towns walled off
  • Jews made to wear distinctive red and yellow badges in some parts of kingdoms
116
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What happened to Jews 1492?

A

Told to either convert or leave. Over 50% left.

117
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
On what grounds were Jews expelled?

A

They were preventing conversos from practicing christianity properly

118
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What did Jews hold?

A

Important proffessional roles within society

119
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
Where were unbaptised jews made to live?

A

Ghettos and identifacation patches

120
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What was Jewish land?

A

Especially coveted by the crown

121
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
How many jews offered money to stay?

A

200,000

122
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
When were jews expelled from andulusia?

A

1483

123
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
When did King Manuel expel Portuguese jews?

A

1497

124
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What was the decree called?

A

The alhambra decree

125
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What happened to 700 children?

A

They died after being left on a remote island

126
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What did many jewish families do?

A

Return and bought their land so long as they proved they were christian

127
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What did the expulsion herald?

A

A clear end to conviencia

128
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
Socially and culturally what was the expulsion of the jews?

A

A disaster

129
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
What problems surrounded those who did remain?

A

Educating conversos, more work for the inquisition

130
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What was the church income?

A

Well over 6 million ducats and it was all exempt from tax

131
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did the church own?

A

Private fortresses

132
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What was the main aim for the catholic church?

A

Observance

133
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did IF prevent?

A

Appeals going to the pope

134
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did the pope allow 1486?

A

All royal appointments in Granada and Canaries 1486

135
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
Within spain what did IF manage to secure?

A

Some degree of nomination rights over the appointment of bishops

136
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did IF attempt to reduce?

A

Legal rights of the clergy

137
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What was set up?

A

New colleges of education for the higher clergy

138
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did Talavera and Cisneros try to ensure?

A

Measures were taken against members of the clergy living with women, not residing the post they were appointed or wearing unsuitable dress

139
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What attempts were made?

A

To improve moral and spiritual conditions of the laity

140
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What were bishops appointed by the crown made to do?

A

Set a good example. Non noble origin so less likely to make own war

141
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What complaints were made in 1511?

A

Some bishops had obtained their positions by anything over than their own merit

141
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did the crown expect bishops to do?

A

Play an active role in government service. This meant they were absent from their dioses on diplomatic and state affairs

142
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What were the three main religious orders?

A

Dominicans, Francisians, Benedictines

143
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did cisneros have some success with?

A

Imposing religious discipline among the Franciscans, and the dominicans started a reform programme of their own

144
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH
What did the laity resent and resist?

A

Change, not wanting to lose the aspects of catholicism they most enjoyed: such as processions, rituals and celebrations

145
Q

NOBLE SYSTEM
What is a grandee?

A

Highest rank of noble

146
Q

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT
What was spain?

A

A poor country with difficulties raising money

147
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF THE RECONQUISTA
How did the crown seek to counterbalance the detrimental impact of the departure of the conversos?

A

Publishing edicts inviting foreign workers to Spain in 1484 with a 10 year tax exemption

148
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF THE RECONQUISTA
In order to promote trade what did the monarchs do?

A

Granted licenses for commercial voyages to those w the financial capital, particularly foreign merchants

149
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF THE RECONQUISTA
Wout genoese merchants what would’ve been impossible?

A

Overseas expansion, funding such as Columbus’ voyages

150
Q

CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE
Where did much if castles strength come from?

A

Powerful trade, mesta

151
Q

CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE
What happened to the mesta in 1500?

A

IF promoted presidents to senior positions on the consejo royalle

152
Q

CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE
What coordinated the wool trade?

A

Hermandad de las merismas and an intricate network of agents was established to connect Spanish towns with key European cities including bruges, London and Florence

153
Q

CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE
What did the mestas dominance lead to?

A

1501 law of land lease, right to use at fixed rates any land had previously used

154
Q

CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE
What was spain reliant on?

A

Foreign grain imports due to pasture neglect

155
Q

REVENUE AND TAXES
What controlled castilian finances?

A

Council of finance directed by Alonso de Quintanilla

156
Q

REVENUE AND TAXES
Describe revenue increase

A

800-000 maravedis 1470 to 22 million 1504

157
Q

REVENUE AND TAXES
How much money came from alcabala?

A

80 - 90%

158
Q

REVENUE AND TAXES
How were taxes collected more efficiently?

A

Central record of taxes being kept

159
Q

REVENUE AND TAXES
In the latter part of isabellas reign how much revenue came from extraordinary sources?

A

70%, having previously stood at 30%

160
Q

REVENUE AND TAXES
How much revenue did the cruzada tax supply?

A

112 million maravedis by 1504

161
Q

ROYAL EXPENDITURE
Military expenses

A

500 million by 1504

162
Q

ROYAL EXPENDITURE
Royal ambassadors

A

35 million

163
Q

ROYAL EXPENDITURE
Marriage of Catherine of Aragon

A

60 million

164
Q

ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA
In 1501 what did a papal bull grant?

A

The crown the right to collect tithes

165
Q

ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA
How much was raised in papal grants?

A

800-000-000 maravedis

166
Q

ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA
How much was raised from the selling of slaves?

A

56-000-000

167
Q

ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA
How much money did nobles provide?

A

Duke of medina sidona: 17 million

168
Q

ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA
How much money did the mesta and santa hermandad provide?

A

27-000-000, 300-000-000

169
Q

ECONOMY: JEWISH POLICIES
What did the expulsion of the jews lower?

A

Number of tax farmers, money lenders, rent and debt collectors

170
Q

ECONOMY: JEWISH POLICIES
How much was raised in ransom by rabbis?

A

300-000 ducats to remain in Andulasia

171
Q

ECONOMY: INTERNATIONAL
What did castile dominate?

A

New World trade

172
Q

ECONOMY: SHEEP AND AGRICULTURE
What did the hermandad develop?

A

Intricate network of agents connecting spanish towns with european cities to co-ordinate the wool trade

173
Q

ECONOMY: SHEEP AND AGRICULTURE
By 1506 what happened to arable farming?

A

Neglected, population dependent on large scale imports of wheat

174
Q

ECONOMIC POLICY
How much revenue came from castile?

A

2/3

175
Q

ECONOMIC POLICY
What was the monarchs debt?

A

131 million maravedis

176
Q

CONTROL OF NOBILITY
What happened to troublesome nobility?

A

They were arrested and had their castles burnt plus property confiscated

177
Q

CONTROL OF NOBILITY
What happened to the cortes of toledo 1480?

A

Almost all land it had lost since 1464 was returned by nobility, many of whom were compensated with land in granada

178
Q

CONTROL OF NOBILITY
What other cities were returned to the crown?

A

Coastal cities cartagena and cadiz

179
Q

CONTROL OF NOBILITY
What were nobles no longer allowed to do?

A

Make private war or build new castles

180
Q

CONTROL OF NOBILITY
What did FI encourage nobles to do?

A

Spend time in their court, which was the heart of castiles cultural life and which had a european reputation for learning and patronage of foreign scholars

181
Q

CONTROL OF NOBILITY
What economic help was put in place?

A

Mayorazgo, forbidding the sale of division of land and allowed property to be passed from one generation to the next

182
Q

MILITAIRY ORDERS
What were the three religious orders?

A

Santiago, calatrava, alcantara

183
Q

MILITAIRY ORDERS
When did ferdinand become Grand Master?

A

1489

184
Q

THE PEASANTRY
Where were traditions of serfdom strongest?

A

Galicia

185
Q

THE PEASANTRY
Was there effort to redress peasant grievances?

A

No, apart from one exception in catalonia

186
Q

THE PEASANTRY
After peasant unrest in catalonia 1484 - 85 what did ferdinand do?

A

Produced the sentence of Guadalupe which identified and removed the six evil customs securing peasants greater rights and liberty

187
Q

THE PEASANTRY
As a consequence of the rebellion what were peasants expected to pay?

A

A large sum for the priviledge of the sentence of guadalupe. Overall, nothing done to solve considerable economic inequality

188
Q

URBAN COMMUNITIES
What were major towns and cities?

A

A genuine force in the localities because they tended to govern outlying territories under royal jurisdiction

189
Q

URBAN COMMUNITIES
Dominant towns? (x5)

A

Seville, granada, toledo, valencia, barcelona

190
Q

URBAN COMMUNITIES
What were towns generally dominated by?

A

Merchants and santa hermandades

191
Q

THE NEW WORLD
When and why was columbus initially rejected?

A

1486, war in granada and cost pressures

192
Q

THE NEW WORLD
Give three reasons why the monarchs gave support in 1492?

A
  • New trade routes appealing because of turks
  • Portugal already established in west indies
  • War had ended
  • Columbus gained support from treasuer general of the hermandad
193
Q

THE NEW WORLD
How much did the monarchs invest into the voyage?

A

2 million maravedis

194
Q

THE NEW WORLD
What secured spain’s possessions?

A

Papal bull 1493

195
Q

THE NEW WORLD
What grants were given to settlers?

A

Encomiendas, under this system natives would work and produce food whilst settlers protected and educated these workers

196
Q

THE NEW WORLD
Who criticised treatment of natives?

A

Religious orders dominican and Franciscan. Quickly reported to monarchs

197
Q

THE NEW WORLD
What did FI declare 1500?

A

‘Free vassals of the crown’

198
Q

THE NEW WORLD
Who did ne possessions belong to?

A

Castile not aragon

199
Q

THE NEW WORLD
Where did all trade have to pass through?

A

Seville

200
Q

THE NEW WORLD
What did columbus bring back?

A

Pineapple

201
Q

THE NEW WORLD
What was the first landed island called?

A

Hispaola

202
Q

THE NEW WORLD
New world in spanish

A

Nubas Mundas

203
Q

THE NEW WORLD
Who were the first three governers of hispanola?

A

Columbus, Ovando, Pinello

204
Q

THE NEW WORLD
What four areas were under spanish control by 1516?

A

Hispanola, peru, haiti, mexico

205
Q

MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES
What did diplomacy form?

A

An integral part of FI’s foreign policy

206
Q

MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES
Who was Isabellas eldest daughter married to?

A

Alfonso of Portugal, then remarried his successor Manoel, and when she died Manoel married their 4th eldest daughter Maria

207
Q

MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES
In 1469 how did FI strengthen their relations with the Hapsburgs?

A

Through two strategic marriagies: John to Margaret of Austria and Joanna to Philip the Handsome

208
Q

MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES
Who was the youngest daughter married to?

A

Arthur of England, extended to Henry VIII after he died

209
Q

FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA
What was secured by the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493?

A

Roussillion and Cerdagne

210
Q

FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA
How did Ferdinand secure claims to Navarre?

A

Marrying Germaine de Foix and raising an army with the help of the Duke of Apba which quickly occupied the Kingdom

211
Q

FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA
Following the fall of Granada, what was Ferdinand keen to do?

A

Attack the North African coastline, collaborating with Cisneros

212
Q

FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA
Working with Cisneros what did they manage to acquire?

A

Important territorial gains, such as the ports Mers el Kebir, Oran, Bougie, Tripoli and Algiers.

213
Q

FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA
What did Ferdinand refuse to support?

A

Cisneros’ ambitions to extend their African conquests inland

214
Q

FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA
What did Ferdinand do in regard to the Ottomans?

A

Provide 70 ships to help expel them from Otranto, and helped the Venitians in 1501 to expel the Ottomans from the fortress of St George in Cephalonia

215
Q

NAPLES
What was Ferds biggest achievement in the Mediterranean?

A

Naples: invaded by Charles III in 1495

216
Q

NAPLES
What did Ferdinand do in response to the 1495 invasion?

A

Arranged a strategic matrimonial alliance between Philip and Juana with Emporer Maxmilian I, who had recently claimed Milan

217
Q

NAPLES
What did Ferdiand do for Maxmilian I?

A

Supported his cousin Ferrante II in the fighting and the treaty of Granada was signed in 1500, splitting the Kingdom between France and Spain

218
Q

NAPLES
What did Ferd do after the treaty of Granada?

A

Drive France out of Crianlarich and Garigliano

219
Q

NAPLES
What did the treaty of Blois do?

A

Give the right of Naples to Germaine de Foix, who married Ferdinand 1505

220
Q

NAPLES
What did the possession of naples do?

A

Bring Spain in Italian affairs and also closer to the landmass of the Ottoman Empire

221
Q

POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGIES
How did the crown pay armed forces?

A

Individually to not rely on nobility

222
Q

POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGIES
What were there developments in?

A

Artilery

223
Q

POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGIES
What did Ferdinand regularly do?

A

Use foreign ambassadors to negotiate on behalf of the crown

224
Q

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA
What did both F and I wish to do?

A

Safeguard Spain from outside threats, main one initially being granada

225
Q

RELATIONS WITH PORTUGAL
When did the crown conquer the canary Islands and why was this good?

A

1490s, launch to new world

226
Q

RELATIONS WITH PORTUGAL
How was peace made?

A

Series of marriages

227
Q

CONQUEST OF NAVARRE
What did the French controlling navarre mean?

A

They had good ground to invade spain, causing Ferdinand to invade in 1512

228
Q

CONQUEST OF NAVARRE
What happened when ferdinand invaded?

A

All fortresses surrendered within a few weeks

229
Q

RELATIONS W FRANCE
What was France?

A

The presiding power

230
Q

RELATIONS W FRANCE
What did the French give up in 1493?

A

Two of Catalonia’s Northern provinces

231
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
What led to renewed conflict?

A

A French invasion of Italy in 1494, French occupied naples but had connections to aragon

232
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
What did French controlling naples do?

A

weaken the spanish position

233
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
What did Spain win and what did it mean?

A

Won two battles against the French: “first time spain was thought of as a major political player in Europe”

234
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
When was Spanish control of naples recognised?

A

1504

235
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
Geographically where was naples situated?

A

Middle of med

236
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
Give two more positives of the acquisition of naples?

A

Grain supplies were an asset, spain more influence in italy

237
Q

OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY
How much money was spent fighting in naples?

A

465-000-000 maravedis

Spain (3 decks)

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