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Isabella and Ferdinand Flashcards

1
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What did the population refer to themselves as?

A

Either Aragoneze or Castilian

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2
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
How much larger was Castile?

A

4x

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3
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Compare the populations

A

A 1 million C 5 million

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4
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which realm had better ports for trading?

A

Aragon

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5
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which monarchy wielded greater power?

A

The Castilian monarchy

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6
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What were Kings of Aragon expected to respect?

A

The privileges of their nobles which upheld more powerful cortes

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7
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
How many cortes did each realm have?

A

A 3 C 1

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8
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Better economy?

A

Castile, although trade relied on wool

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9
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
Towns competing against each other for trade?

A

Aragon

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10
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What religion were both the realms?

A

Catholic if you get this wrong quit

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11
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE
What are the three provinces of Aragon?

A

Catalonia, Valencia, Aragon

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12
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
What did the marriage create?

A

A united front on European geopolitics. Their rule was considered the golden age for the development of Spain and it’s expanding empire.

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13
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Give the skills of ferdinand

A
  • Experience of politics and military affairs
  • Skillful and pragmatic
  • Personal bravery and leadership in war
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14
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Give the skills of Isabella

A
  • Pious, determined and energetic
  • Worked closely w historians of her time to ensure that her subjects had a positive image of her character and achievements
  • Inspired loyalty and respect
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15
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Did Ferdinand have personal power in Castile?

A

Not really, apart from what isabella granted him

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16
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
Where did all children have to be educated?

A

Castile

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17
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
How many children did the couple have?

A

Isabella
John
Joanna
Maria
Catherine

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18
Q

THE MARRIAGE OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA
What was each kingdom?

A

Administered independently

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19
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When did Isabella and Ferdinand marry?

A

1469

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20
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was Isabella proclaimed queen of castile?

A

1474

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21
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What happened between 1475 - 8

A

Isabella secures the throne through obtaining support from cities and towns in Castile, securing the support of most of the nobles

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22
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was the battle of Toro?

A

1476

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23
Q

THE RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
When was the treaty of alcocovas?

A

1479

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24
Q

WAR OF SUCCESSION
When was the war of succession?

A

1475 - 9, Isabella vs supporters of Joanna ‘la Beltraneja’

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25
WAR OF SUCCESSION Who did Isabella have support of?
Aragon seeming as she was married to Ferdinand
26
WAR OF SUCCESSION Which countries were against Isabella?
Portugal and France
27
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe the battle of Toro
Fought in February 1476, the bulk of Portuguese troupes retreated back to Portugal, along with Joana whose side now hardly had any troupes in Castile
28
WAR OF SUCCESSION After the battle of Toro what happened?
IF were in a very strong position to take the castilian throne
29
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe Isabella's role
Secures the Royal treasury at Segovia and proclaims herself queen within 24 hours. Travels around the country tirelessly drumming up support
30
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe role of Ferdinand
Military expertise, fortifies strategic points
31
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe compromise with moors
A truce is signed w them for the duration of war
32
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe compromise w nobles
The support of mendoza is secured with a promise of future influence by Isabella and of help of his application to become a cardinal by Ferdinand.
33
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe compromise with towns
Given a guarantee of their fueros as in Toledo, or with a threat of a massive fine Seville
34
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe role of propaganda
Writs are issued to nobles accusing Joanna and her followers of being 'foes of the Fatherland'
35
WAR OF SUCCESSION Which noble supported Joanna?
Villena
36
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe treaty of alcocovas
Isabella gives up claims on Portuguese lands, alfonso gives up claim to Joanna and Castile
37
WAR OF SUCCESSION Describe treaty of alcocovas
Isabella gives up claims on Portuguese lands, alfonso gives up claim to Joanna and Castile
38
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What was IF's main aim?
To establish a 'pre-eminent monarchy': strong position for the crown, ensuring justice and order whilst respecting the rights and customs of individual kingdoms
39
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Describe personal presence
As monarchs they were constantly on the move travelling from one part of their kingdom to another Visited every part of castile at least once during reign Allowed them to personally arbitrate in disputes, hear lawsuits and personally deal with revolts
40
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY When was a Hermandad set up and where?
1476, in every place w more than 50 inhabitants
41
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Define a santa hermandad
Royally controlled
42
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY How long did hermandades remain for?
22 years - only meant to be a temporary measure, success
43
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What were the roles of hermandades
- Provided soldiers and money for war - Policed towns and villages, could try pp for certain crimes, such as robbery, murder, or arson - Punishments even for the time were considered harsh and overly severe
44
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Were the hermandades successful?
Yes by the time of devolution had done much to bring localities to order
45
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Limitations of hermandades
- Only deal with small disorders - Other law officials disliked them infringing on their own authority - Financial contributions seen as burden - Difficult to place everywhere, particularly aragon
46
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Where were corregidores appointed?
Every important town in castile
47
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What did corregidores do?
Collect taxes, report to the crown on state affairs, ensure councils followed royal policy
48
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What happened to rebellious nobles?
Arrested and had their castles burned
49
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What happened to nobles who had lost land after 1464?
It was returned to them
50
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What were nobles forbidden to do?
Make private war or build new castles
51
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What did FI encourage titled nobility to do?
Spend time at their court
52
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What did support for the crown lead to?
Rewards and new titles. The crown also helped nobles stay financially viable, encouraging use of the mayorazago
53
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What could royal authority not be established until?
The conclusion of the civil war
54
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What did Ferdiand's acquisition of the role of grand master compensate for?
Loss of crown lands alienated by medieval kings of castile
55
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Describe the act of resumption 1480
Nobles deprived half their revenues they had unsurped since 1464. Traditional dignitaries of the realm no longer allowed the vote.
56
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What did Ferdiand and Isabella take care to appoint?
Discrete and capable officials from middling ranks (letrados)
57
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What were militairy orders made up of?
Knights bound by religious vos. Isabella was determined to bring these under the cround, happened in 1489 when Ferdinand became GM
58
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What was the conilliar system?
Various councils of castile, the main one being the consejo royalle. This one consisted of five parts/chambers
59
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What were the five chambers of the consejo royalle?
- Foreign policy - Justice - The hermandades - Finance - A group of nobles from non castilian ruled areas
60
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What council was formed in 1483?
The council of the supreme inquisition
61
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What ordinances were issued in 1489?
Establishing a permenant court in Valladolid and further were later established in Grenada.
62
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Where were criminal and civil cases tried?
Court, each separate kingdom of aragon had their own court of appeal
63
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What did each of the spanish kingdoms have?
It's own cortes, usually called by IF when they needed money or to confirm royal legislation
64
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY What were the cortes another opportunity for?
IF to hear grievances of representatives
65
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY Were the cortes powerful?
Yes, often had considerable say over running of the country
66
DEATH OF ISABELLA When did Isabella die?
1504
67
DEATH OF ISABELLA Who did Isabella leave the crown of castile to?
Her eldest surviving daughter Joanna
68
DEATH OF ISABELLA Why was Joanna having the crown an issue?
Already showing signs of mental instability and in her will named ferdiand should act as regent
69
DEATH OF ISABELLA What did Castilian nobles not wish?
Ferdinand to rule or have any say over castilian matters
70
DEATH OF ISABELLA In the final years of Isabella's life what had there been complaints of?
Aragoneze officials in castile, and some castilian nobles were keen to regain the power they had lost in previous years
71
DEATH OF ISABELLA What treaty did Ferdinand and Joanna sign in 1506?
The treaty of Villafafila; stated Ferdinand giving governance of castile to philip in the event of joannas death, and promised not to play any part in castilain affairs
72
DEATH OF ISABELLA What did Ferdinand also do in 1506?
Marry Germaine de Foix, hoping for an heir so both castile and aragon wouldn't be ran by joanna
73
DEATH OF PHILIP What happened to Joanna after Philip died?
She went mental and refused to let the coffin be buried
74
DEATH OF PHILIP Who acted as regent?
Cisneros and in accordance with Isabella's will Ferdinand was bought back to castile
75
DEATH OF PHILIP What was cisneros concerned about?
Unrest in Castile
76
DEATH OF PHILIP Who took charge of castile on Ferdinand's death?
Charles, eldest son of joanna
77
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516 Was there any ever united agreement between the two monarchs?
No there was never any agreement of them ruling over a united Spain
78
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516 Was there any unity in religious policy?
There was certainly coincidence
79
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516 What were the signs of informal unity?
- Monarchs certainly worked closely together - Foreign policy monarchs certainly acted together - Castilian gradually became the dominant language
80
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516 What are the clear signs of resistance to unification?
- Many non Castilian Kingdoms feared the union with castile meant losing their distinct identities - Many resented Castilians who received the majority of rewards bought about by the two crowns
81
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA What was Granada?
The last non christian kingdom in the iberian peninsula
82
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Dates
1481- 1492
83
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA What was the aim of the reconquista?
To bring the whole iberian peninsula under catholic rule
84
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Describe the role of andulusia
Attacked by the moors, created grounds for war
85
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Who granted indulgences?
The pope
86
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA How did IF raise taxation?
The crusada
87
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA What were the four reasons for victory?
- Heavy artilery used in christian sieges - Rulers of granada divided amongst themselves - Raised lots of troups - Nobles of andulasia knew area well
88
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA What were mudjedars allowed to do?
Keep their customs, dress, property and religion
89
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Describe mudejar numbers
100,000 killed 200,000 emmigrated 200,000 stayed
90
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Describe european responses
Prestige from other catholic monarchs, los reyes catalicos
91
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA What did the conquest create?
A sense of unity between two realms
92
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA What guns were used?
Arquebuses
93
THE CONQUEST OF GRANADA Were there artillery advances?
Yes
94
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What did Ferdinand and Isabella petition the pope for?
Full authority over the inquisition, although initially resistant to give the spanish crown that much power, this was granted by a papal bull in 1478
95
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Who masterminded the inquisition?
Alfonso de Hojeda
96
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What was the key institution?
The council of the inquisition
97
THE SPANISH INQUISTION By 1492 what were there?
Four tribunals in key towns, staffed by the clergy but controlled by the crown
98
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Why were there no inquisitors appointed until 1480?
Opposition
99
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Describe the first auto de fe
Held in Seville, burnt 6 conversos
100
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What did a 1482 papal bull promote?
A further 7 inquisitors, including the inquisitor general Tomas de Torquemada
101
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What did the inquisitor general have the power to do?
Appoint and dismiss inquisitors, the authority in turn was subordinate to the crown.
102
THE SPANISH INQUISTION By 1483 what had the inquisiton done?
Spread to Aragon, giving Torquemada jurisdiction over more of the IP than any over official
103
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Why did the authority of the inquisition face much opposition in aragon?
It defied Aragonese fueros as non-native officials were forbidden to function
104
THE SPANISH INQUISTION In 1484 what did the Valencian cortes do?
Denounce the inquisition as it violated their fueros
105
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What did the inquisition become focused on?
Threats of heresy and apostasy, although it later became focused on personal animosities and socio economic rivalries
106
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What did collection of evidence have to be?
Rigorous and had to come from many witnesses, although prosecution witnesses were allowed to remain anonymous
107
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Describe inquisition opposition
Conversos appealed to rome, regional immunities, local magistrates and the monarchs.
108
THE SPANISH INQUISTION What happened to the Inquisitor of Aragon 1485?
He was assassinated
109
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Between 1480 - 88 in Seville alone how many conversos were burnt?
700.
110
THE SPANISH INQUISTION How many people were burnt between 1480 and 1530?
Around 2000
111
THE SPANISH INQUISTION By 1480, how many converso families had fled Andalusia?
4000
112
THE SPANISH INQUISTION In cordoba, how many conversos were burnt in a single auto de fe?
107
113
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Whilst the inq focused heavily on conversos, what did it not pursue?
Those who followed a different religion and made no attempt to convert
114
THE SPANISH INQUISTION Were there rights to appeal against verdicts?
No
115
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS Increased hatred of Jews during IF reign
- 'Obscene, detestable and vile' - Jewish sections of towns walled off - Jews made to wear distinctive red and yellow badges in some parts of kingdoms
116
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What happened to Jews 1492?
Told to either convert or leave. Over 50% left.
117
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS On what grounds were Jews expelled?
They were preventing conversos from practicing christianity properly
118
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What did Jews hold?
Important proffessional roles within society
119
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS Where were unbaptised jews made to live?
Ghettos and identifacation patches
120
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What was Jewish land?
Especially coveted by the crown
121
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS How many jews offered money to stay?
200,000
122
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS When were jews expelled from andulusia?
1483
123
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS When did King Manuel expel Portuguese jews?
1497
124
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What was the decree called?
The alhambra decree
125
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What happened to 700 children?
They died after being left on a remote island
126
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What did many jewish families do?
Return and bought their land so long as they proved they were christian
127
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What did the expulsion herald?
A clear end to conviencia
128
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS Socially and culturally what was the expulsion of the jews?
A disaster
129
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS What problems surrounded those who did remain?
Educating conversos, more work for the inquisition
130
CATHOLIC CHURCH What was the church income?
Well over 6 million ducats and it was all exempt from tax
131
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did the church own?
Private fortresses
132
CATHOLIC CHURCH What was the main aim for the catholic church?
Observance
133
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did IF prevent?
Appeals going to the pope
134
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did the pope allow 1486?
All royal appointments in Granada and Canaries 1486
135
CATHOLIC CHURCH Within spain what did IF manage to secure?
Some degree of nomination rights over the appointment of bishops
136
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did IF attempt to reduce?
Legal rights of the clergy
137
CATHOLIC CHURCH What was set up?
New colleges of education for the higher clergy
138
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did Talavera and Cisneros try to ensure?
Measures were taken against members of the clergy living with women, not residing the post they were appointed or wearing unsuitable dress
139
CATHOLIC CHURCH What attempts were made?
To improve moral and spiritual conditions of the laity
140
CATHOLIC CHURCH What were bishops appointed by the crown made to do?
Set a good example. Non noble origin so less likely to make own war
141
CATHOLIC CHURCH What complaints were made in 1511?
Some bishops had obtained their positions by anything over than their own merit
141
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did the crown expect bishops to do?
Play an active role in government service. This meant they were absent from their dioses on diplomatic and state affairs
142
CATHOLIC CHURCH What were the three main religious orders?
Dominicans, Francisians, Benedictines
143
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did cisneros have some success with?
Imposing religious discipline among the Franciscans, and the dominicans started a reform programme of their own
144
CATHOLIC CHURCH What did the laity resent and resist?
Change, not wanting to lose the aspects of catholicism they most enjoyed: such as processions, rituals and celebrations
145
NOBLE SYSTEM What is a grandee?
Highest rank of noble
146
ECONOMICAL CONTEXT What was spain?
A poor country with difficulties raising money
147
CONSEQUENCES OF THE RECONQUISTA How did the crown seek to counterbalance the detrimental impact of the departure of the conversos?
Publishing edicts inviting foreign workers to Spain in 1484 with a 10 year tax exemption
148
CONSEQUENCES OF THE RECONQUISTA In order to promote trade what did the monarchs do?
Granted licenses for commercial voyages to those w the financial capital, particularly foreign merchants
149
CONSEQUENCES OF THE RECONQUISTA Wout genoese merchants what would've been impossible?
Overseas expansion, funding such as Columbus' voyages
150
CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE Where did much if castles strength come from?
Powerful trade, mesta
151
CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE What happened to the mesta in 1500?
IF promoted presidents to senior positions on the consejo royalle
152
CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE What coordinated the wool trade?
Hermandad de las merismas and an intricate network of agents was established to connect Spanish towns with key European cities including bruges, London and Florence
153
CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE What did the mestas dominance lead to?
1501 law of land lease, right to use at fixed rates any land had previously used
154
CRISIS IN AGRICULTURE What was spain reliant on?
Foreign grain imports due to pasture neglect
155
REVENUE AND TAXES What controlled castilian finances?
Council of finance directed by Alonso de Quintanilla
156
REVENUE AND TAXES Describe revenue increase
800-000 maravedis 1470 to 22 million 1504
157
REVENUE AND TAXES How much money came from alcabala?
80 - 90%
158
REVENUE AND TAXES How were taxes collected more efficiently?
Central record of taxes being kept
159
REVENUE AND TAXES In the latter part of isabellas reign how much revenue came from extraordinary sources?
70%, having previously stood at 30%
160
REVENUE AND TAXES How much revenue did the cruzada tax supply?
112 million maravedis by 1504
161
ROYAL EXPENDITURE Military expenses
500 million by 1504
162
ROYAL EXPENDITURE Royal ambassadors
35 million
163
ROYAL EXPENDITURE Marriage of Catherine of Aragon
60 million
164
ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA In 1501 what did a papal bull grant?
The crown the right to collect tithes
165
ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA How much was raised in papal grants?
800-000-000 maravedis
166
ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA How much was raised from the selling of slaves?
56-000-000
167
ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA How much money did nobles provide?
Duke of medina sidona: 17 million
168
ECONOMY: RECONQUISTA How much money did the mesta and santa hermandad provide?
27-000-000, 300-000-000
169
ECONOMY: JEWISH POLICIES What did the expulsion of the jews lower?
Number of tax farmers, money lenders, rent and debt collectors
170
ECONOMY: JEWISH POLICIES How much was raised in ransom by rabbis?
300-000 ducats to remain in Andulasia
171
ECONOMY: INTERNATIONAL What did castile dominate?
New World trade
172
ECONOMY: SHEEP AND AGRICULTURE What did the hermandad develop?
Intricate network of agents connecting spanish towns with european cities to co-ordinate the wool trade
173
ECONOMY: SHEEP AND AGRICULTURE By 1506 what happened to arable farming?
Neglected, population dependent on large scale imports of wheat
174
ECONOMIC POLICY How much revenue came from castile?
2/3
175
ECONOMIC POLICY What was the monarchs debt?
131 million maravedis
176
CONTROL OF NOBILITY What happened to troublesome nobility?
They were arrested and had their castles burnt plus property confiscated
177
CONTROL OF NOBILITY What happened to the cortes of toledo 1480?
Almost all land it had lost since 1464 was returned by nobility, many of whom were compensated with land in granada
178
CONTROL OF NOBILITY What other cities were returned to the crown?
Coastal cities cartagena and cadiz
179
CONTROL OF NOBILITY What were nobles no longer allowed to do?
Make private war or build new castles
180
CONTROL OF NOBILITY What did FI encourage nobles to do?
Spend time in their court, which was the heart of castiles cultural life and which had a european reputation for learning and patronage of foreign scholars
181
CONTROL OF NOBILITY What economic help was put in place?
Mayorazgo, forbidding the sale of division of land and allowed property to be passed from one generation to the next
182
MILITAIRY ORDERS What were the three religious orders?
Santiago, calatrava, alcantara
183
MILITAIRY ORDERS When did ferdinand become Grand Master?
1489
184
THE PEASANTRY Where were traditions of serfdom strongest?
Galicia
185
THE PEASANTRY Was there effort to redress peasant grievances?
No, apart from one exception in catalonia
186
THE PEASANTRY After peasant unrest in catalonia 1484 - 85 what did ferdinand do?
Produced the sentence of Guadalupe which identified and removed the six evil customs securing peasants greater rights and liberty
187
THE PEASANTRY As a consequence of the rebellion what were peasants expected to pay?
A large sum for the priviledge of the sentence of guadalupe. Overall, nothing done to solve considerable economic inequality
188
URBAN COMMUNITIES What were major towns and cities?
A genuine force in the localities because they tended to govern outlying territories under royal jurisdiction
189
URBAN COMMUNITIES Dominant towns? (x5)
Seville, granada, toledo, valencia, barcelona
190
URBAN COMMUNITIES What were towns generally dominated by?
Merchants and santa hermandades
191
THE NEW WORLD When and why was columbus initially rejected?
1486, war in granada and cost pressures
192
THE NEW WORLD Give three reasons why the monarchs gave support in 1492?
- New trade routes appealing because of turks - Portugal already established in west indies - War had ended - Columbus gained support from treasuer general of the hermandad
193
THE NEW WORLD How much did the monarchs invest into the voyage?
2 million maravedis
194
THE NEW WORLD What secured spain's possessions?
Papal bull 1493
195
THE NEW WORLD What grants were given to settlers?
Encomiendas, under this system natives would work and produce food whilst settlers protected and educated these workers
196
THE NEW WORLD Who criticised treatment of natives?
Religious orders dominican and Franciscan. Quickly reported to monarchs
197
THE NEW WORLD What did FI declare 1500?
'Free vassals of the crown'
198
THE NEW WORLD Who did ne possessions belong to?
Castile not aragon
199
THE NEW WORLD Where did all trade have to pass through?
Seville
200
THE NEW WORLD What did columbus bring back?
Pineapple
201
THE NEW WORLD What was the first landed island called?
Hispaola
202
THE NEW WORLD New world in spanish
Nubas Mundas
203
THE NEW WORLD Who were the first three governers of hispanola?
Columbus, Ovando, Pinello
204
THE NEW WORLD What four areas were under spanish control by 1516?
Hispanola, peru, haiti, mexico
205
MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES What did diplomacy form?
An integral part of FI's foreign policy
206
MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES Who was Isabellas eldest daughter married to?
Alfonso of Portugal, then remarried his successor Manoel, and when she died Manoel married their 4th eldest daughter Maria
207
MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES In 1469 how did FI strengthen their relations with the Hapsburgs?
Through two strategic marriagies: John to Margaret of Austria and Joanna to Philip the Handsome
208
MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCES Who was the youngest daughter married to?
Arthur of England, extended to Henry VIII after he died
209
FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA What was secured by the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493?
Roussillion and Cerdagne
210
FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA How did Ferdinand secure claims to Navarre?
Marrying Germaine de Foix and raising an army with the help of the Duke of Apba which quickly occupied the Kingdom
211
FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA Following the fall of Granada, what was Ferdinand keen to do?
Attack the North African coastline, collaborating with Cisneros
212
FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA Working with Cisneros what did they manage to acquire?
Important territorial gains, such as the ports Mers el Kebir, Oran, Bougie, Tripoli and Algiers.
213
FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA What did Ferdinand refuse to support?
Cisneros' ambitions to extend their African conquests inland
214
FRANCE, NAVARRE AND NORTH AFRICA What did Ferdinand do in regard to the Ottomans?
Provide 70 ships to help expel them from Otranto, and helped the Venitians in 1501 to expel the Ottomans from the fortress of St George in Cephalonia
215
NAPLES What was Ferds biggest achievement in the Mediterranean?
Naples: invaded by Charles III in 1495
216
NAPLES What did Ferdinand do in response to the 1495 invasion?
Arranged a strategic matrimonial alliance between Philip and Juana with Emporer Maxmilian I, who had recently claimed Milan
217
NAPLES What did Ferdiand do for Maxmilian I?
Supported his cousin Ferrante II in the fighting and the treaty of Granada was signed in 1500, splitting the Kingdom between France and Spain
218
NAPLES What did Ferd do after the treaty of Granada?
Drive France out of Crianlarich and Garigliano
219
NAPLES What did the treaty of Blois do?
Give the right of Naples to Germaine de Foix, who married Ferdinand 1505
220
NAPLES What did the possession of naples do?
Bring Spain in Italian affairs and also closer to the landmass of the Ottoman Empire
221
POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGIES How did the crown pay armed forces?
Individually to not rely on nobility
222
POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGIES What were there developments in?
Artilery
223
POLITICAL AND MILITARY STRATEGIES What did Ferdinand regularly do?
Use foreign ambassadors to negotiate on behalf of the crown
224
THE IBERIAN PENINSULA What did both F and I wish to do?
Safeguard Spain from outside threats, main one initially being granada
225
RELATIONS WITH PORTUGAL When did the crown conquer the canary Islands and why was this good?
1490s, launch to new world
226
RELATIONS WITH PORTUGAL How was peace made?
Series of marriages
227
CONQUEST OF NAVARRE What did the French controlling navarre mean?
They had good ground to invade spain, causing Ferdinand to invade in 1512
228
CONQUEST OF NAVARRE What happened when ferdinand invaded?
All fortresses surrendered within a few weeks
229
RELATIONS W FRANCE What was France?
The presiding power
230
RELATIONS W FRANCE What did the French give up in 1493?
Two of Catalonia's Northern provinces
231
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY What led to renewed conflict?
A French invasion of Italy in 1494, French occupied naples but had connections to aragon
232
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY What did French controlling naples do?
weaken the spanish position
233
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY What did Spain win and what did it mean?
Won two battles against the French: "first time spain was thought of as a major political player in Europe"
234
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY When was Spanish control of naples recognised?
1504
235
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY Geographically where was naples situated?
Middle of med
236
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY Give two more positives of the acquisition of naples?
Grain supplies were an asset, spain more influence in italy
237
OPPOSING FRENCH EXPANSION IN ITALY How much money was spent fighting in naples?
465-000-000 maravedis

Spain (3 decks)

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