Phases of Neuro development

Question 1

what is neural proliferation?

Answer 1

the neural plate folds to form the neural groove and becomes the neural tube

Question 2

3 layers of embryonic cells

Answer 2

Ectoderm (outer), Mesoderm (middle), Endoderm (inner)

Question 3

what happens after Neural Tube Cells Proliferation (multiply)

Answer 3

3 swellings at the anterior end will become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Question 4

(Cell Migration directions) 2 types

Answer 4

Radial Migration & Tangential Migration

Question 5

Radial Migration

Answer 5

Moving out

Question 6

Tangential Migration

Answer 6

Moving up

Question 7

(cell migration) 2 methods

Answer 7

Somal & Glial

Question 8

Somal Migration

Answer 8

extension that develops and leads migration; cell body follows

Question 9

Glial Migration

Answer 9

(mediated migration) the cell moves along a radial glial network (most cells engage in both types of migration)

Question 10

Aggregation

Answer 10

happens after migration; when cells form a cluster and create structures

Question 11

Cell Adhesion molecules (Cam’s)

Answer 11

aid both migration and aggregation (recognize and adhere to cells)

Question 12

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 12

• prevalent in brain development
• play a role in migration and aggregation

Question 13

What happens after migration and the structures have formed?

Answer 13

Axons and dendrites begin to grow

Question 14

How do axons and dendrites know where to connect?

Answer 14

Growth Cone

Question 15

Growth Cone

Answer 15

(happens @ the growing tip of each extension) extends and retracts filopodia to guide its way through things

Question 16

Chemoaffinity Hypothesis

Answer 16

postsynaptic targets release a chemical that guides axonal growth (doesn’t explain everything)

Question 17

Sperrys Classic Study

Answer 17

(Frog Study)

Question 18

What happens once an axon reaches its target?

Answer 18

-Synaptogenesis
-Astrocytes are critically important

Question 19

% of neuron death

Answer 19

Up to 50% of neurons that are created die during the course of normal
development.

Question 20

Why do neurons die?

Answer 20

• most are due to apoptosis some developing neurons
• are genetically programmed
  for early death—once their functions are fulfilled, groups of
  neurons die together in the absence of any obvious physical stimulus;
• some die because they fail to obtain life-preserving chemicals supplied by their targets.

Question 21

Synapse rearrangement

Answer 21

• membranes are filled by sprouting axon terminals of surrounding neurons.
• Cell death results in synapse rearrangement; its effect is to focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic neurons.

Question 22

Neurotrophins

Answer 22

promote growth and survival, guide axons, and stimulate synaptogenesis

Question 23

Necrosis
Apoptosis

Answer 23

necrosis: passive cell death
apoptosis: active cell death

Question 24

Postnatal growth is a consequence of

Answer 24

• synaptogenesis ( the formation of synapses, the points of contact where information is transmitted between neurons.)
• myelination
  -increased dendritic branches

Question 25

What part of the brain is last to develop?

Answer 25

prefrontal cortex

Question 26

Development of prefrontal cortex

Answer 26

The development of the prefrontal cortex parallels the course of human cognitive development.
linked to four types of cognitive function: working memory, planning and completing sequences of actions; inhibiting inappropriate responses; and following rules for social behavior.

Question 27

Neurodevelopment

Answer 27

a result of interaction between neurons and their environment

Question 28

One effect of experience on brain development is…

Answer 28

Experience in adulthood can lead to a reorganization of sensory and motor
cortical maps

Question 29

Neurogensis

Answer 29

growth of new neurons

Question 30

Where does neurogenesis occur?

Answer 30

hippocampus and olfactory bulbs

Question 31

What promotes neurogenesis

Answer 31

exercise and enriched environments

Question 32

Tinnitus

Answer 32

ringing in the ears// produced a major reorganization of primary auditory cortex