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Phase 2 biology > Phase 2 biology > Flashcards

Phase 2 biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

is the maintenance of a stable internal environment

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2
Q

list the things the body regulates through homeostasis?

A
  • Water
  • temeperature
  • pH
  • solutes
  • blood glucose
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3
Q

list all the organ systems

A

there are 12 organ systems:
- integumentary system
- nervous system
- endocrine system
- circulatory system
- respiratory system
- skeletal system
- muscular system
- digestive system
- endocrine system
- reproductive system
- urinary system
- lymphatic system

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4
Q

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

A

Serves as a protective barrier for the body. It includes skin, hair, nails and many glands. It helps regulate body temperature, prevents dehydration and protects against physical, chemical and microbial damage.

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5
Q

What is the main function of the nervous system?

A
  • directs immediate responses to stimuli
  • moderates activities of organ systems
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6
Q

what is the main function of endocrine system?

A

To regulate and control various bodily functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, which help maintain homeostasis, control metabolism, growth and development and reproduction.

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7
Q

what is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports blood which carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body. it consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels. it also removes waste products.

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8
Q

what is the main function of the Respiratory system

A
  • delivers air to alveoli
  • provides oxygen to the bloodstream
  • removes Co2 from bloodstream
  • produces sound fro communcations
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9
Q

What is the main function of the skeletal system?

A
  • protects internal organs
  • stores and releases fat
  • supports the body
  • facilitates movement
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10
Q

what is the function of the muscular system?

A
  • provides movement
  • provides protection and support for other tissues.
  • generates heat that maintains the body temperature.
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11
Q

what is the main function of the digestive system?

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion - breakdown of food into smaller particles
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12
Q

what is the main function of the urinary system?

A

filter and remove waste products and excess substances from the blood, producing urine and maintaining the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance.

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13
Q

what is the function of the kidneys:

A
  • removal of metabolic wastes
  • removal of foreign chemicals from the body
  • regulates homeostasis
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14
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

A

Protects the body by destroying and removing and invading organisms and abnormal cells.

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15
Q

what are the glands in the brain?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
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16
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

helps control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.

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17
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Acts like a control centre, regulating varous body functions such as hunger, thirst, body temeperature and sleep.

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18
Q

What is the main function of the pituitary gland?

A

Releases hormones that control other glands in the endocrine system, influencing growth, metabolism and reproductive processes.

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19
Q

What hormones does the pituitaryy gland release and what is their roles?

A
  • growth hormone - for growth
  • prolactin (milk production)
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20
Q

thyroid gland - hormone and role

A
  • releases thyroxine (metabolism)
  • triiodothyronine (energy)
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21
Q

adrenal glands - hormone and role

A
  • secretes adrenaline (stress response)
  • cortisol (metabolism and stress)
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22
Q

pancreas - hormone and role

A
  • produces insulin (lowers blood sugar)
  • glucagon (raises blood sugar)
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23
Q

ovaries hormone and role

A
  • estrogen (development and mentrual cycle)
  • progesterone (pregnancy support)
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24
Q

testes hormone and role

A
  • testosterone (sperm production and male characteristics.
25
Q

which type of blood fills the right atrium?

A

deoxygenated blood

26
Q

How is deoxygenated blood transported to the lungs?

A

1) Blood fills right atrium (deoxygenated blood)
2) Blood is forced into right ventricle through tricuspid valve which prevents back flow
3) you can then breathe out CO2.

27
Q

How does oxyegnated blood get transpoted around the body?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood comes from lungs
  • Blood gets forced into left ventricle through bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
  • Then blood gets up and out of the aorta
  • the oxygenated blood gets transported to the rest of the body.
28
Q

why is heart muscle thicker on the left side?

A

Because it pumps harder under higher pressure as it needs to allow oxygentated blood to be pumped around the whole body.

29
Q

What seperates the left and right side of the heart?

A

septum

30
Q

Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than atria?

A

So they can push blood out of the heart, whereas atria just needs to push blood a short distance into the ventricles.

31
Q

what does the atria do?

A

recieves blood

32
Q

what does the venticles do?

A

pumps blood out

33
Q

what do the valves do?

A

control blood flow, by prevenying backflow

34
Q

Name two types of valves and their roles:

A
  • Atrioventricular Valves ( links atria to ventricles and stops blood backflowing into the atria whn ventricles contratct)
  • semi lunar valves (links ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta, stops blood backflow into heart when ventricles contract)
35
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

carries blood to the lungs

36
Q

What does the pulmonary veins do?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs.

37
Q

what does aorta do?

A

sends oxygenated blood to body

38
Q

coronary ateries function

A

supply heart muscle with blood

39
Q

name the components of the heart

A
  • Red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
  • plasma
40
Q

function of the red blood cells

A

carried oxygen from the lungs to the body and return co2 to lungs

41
Q

white blood cells function

A
  • fight infections and help immune system
42
Q

platelets function

A
  • assist in blood clotting to stop bleeding
43
Q

plasma function

A

liquid part of blood carrying nutrients, hormones and waste products.

44
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

It is split into two parts: the CNS, which consists of the brain and spinal cord. and has the PNS which is the system in the rest of the Body.
- stimuli are detected by PNS first and sent to CNS which processes stimulus and coordinates a response.

45
Q

what cells make up the nervous system?

A
  • Neurons (Nerve cells): they transmit signals for communication
  • Neuroglia (glial cells): support cells that provide nutrients and protection.
46
Q

How does a synapse work?

A

Known as a tiny communication junction between neurons.
1) signal arrival - nerve impulse travels down first neuron axon
2) release of neurotransmitters - when the signal reaches the end of the axon, it triggers the release of chemical messengers.
3) Neurotransmitters travel along the synaptic cleft to reach the next neurone dendrites.
4) receptors on the second neuron pick up the neurotransmitters creating a new electrical signal.
5) The new signal travels down the second neuron’s axon, continuing the message.

47
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

A part where a motor neuron connects with a muscle fibre.
1) nerve signal travels down motor neuron
2) at the neuromuscular junction, the nerve releases acetylcholine.
3) acetylcholine binds to receptors on muscle fibre, triggering muscle contraction.

48
Q

What are the supporting cells in the nervous system?

A
  • astrocytes (give structural support and regulate the chemical environment around the neuron.
  • oligodendrocytes (in the CNS) - Schwann cells in (PNS) (produces myelin which speeds up saltatory conduction)
  • microglia (act as immune cells, clearing away debris and pathogens)
  • ependymal cells (contribute to the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain and spinal cord.
49
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

provides structural support to the body, protects internal organs and allows movement through joints.

50
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

Responsible for movement.
- muscles attached to the bones, contract and relax to allow us to move.

51
Q

explain the sliding filament theory

A

1) filaments (actin) and thick filaments (myosin) overlap in a relaxed muscle.
2) nerve signal triggers the release of calcium ions
3) calcium allows myosin to bind to actin which forms a cross-bridge
4) myosin pulls actin shortening sarcomere
5) this causes the muscle to contract

52
Q

how are bones broken down?

A

1) osteoclasts, specialised cells, break down bone tissue
2) calcium and other minerals get released into the bloodstream

53
Q

How are bones rebuilt?

A

1) osteoblasts: come in to build new bone by depositing minerals and collagen
2) a new bone matrix is created.

54
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A

1) filtration - Removes waste and excess fluids from the blood.
2) regulates body water and salt levels
3) helps maintain the body’s pH balance.
4) influences blood pressure by adjusting fluid levels.

55
Q

name the components of the kidney

A
  • renal cortex: an outer layer that contains filtering units (nephrons)
  • renal medulla: inner parts with structures like renal pyramids.
  • renal pelvis: collects urine before it moves to the ureter
  • nephron: filter blood to produce urine
  • renal artery and veins: supplying and draining the kidney
  • ureter: tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
56
Q

what is the job of the nephron?

A
  • filtration: filters blood to remove waste and excess substances
  • reabsorption: reabsorbs essential substances (like water and electrolytes) back into the blood.
57
Q

Explain the process of the ultrafiltration

A

1) blood in the glomerulus
2) there is high pressure in the glomerulus which pushes all things (water and waste) into a tube.
3) big things like proteins stay in the blood
4) the things that were pushed out become liquid called filtrate
5) the body reabsorbs useful things like water and ions back into the blood.
6) what is left becomes urine ready to leave the body.

58
Q

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity (nose)
  • pharynx
  • larynx
59
Q

what structures are in the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchial
  • alveolar capilary

Phase 2 biology (2 decks)

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