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Interventional Spine > Phase 1 Training > Flashcards

Phase 1 Training Flashcards

0
Q

Cross section of an organ

A

A section whose plane is at a right angle with the long axis if the organ

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1
Q

Longitudinal section of an organ

A

A section on or parallel to the long axis

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2
Q

True or false: extension is the opening or moving a structure away from the midline.

A

False- extension is an increase of the angle between the components of a joint, while this definition is for abduction.

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: adduction is the closing or moving a structure towards the midline

A

True

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: the anterior aspect of a line moving toward the midline is lateral rotation

A

False: this is medial rotation, as lateral rotation moves away from the midline

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: flexion is the decrease of the angle in a joint

A

True

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: rotation is the circular motion of a structure around its axis

A

True

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7
Q

When using “right” or “left” during surgery, who is that in reference to? Why is that important?

A

The patients right or left. It is important so that you are communicating clearly and correctly with a physician to assist in protecting the patient, gaining the best outcomes.

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8
Q

What is the difference between a view and a plane in terms of anatomy?

A

A plane is a flat surface formed from a cut through body or organ, while the view is the perspective from which the plane is seen. For example, a transverse plane viewed from the top.

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9
Q

Extra

A

Outside

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10
Q

Contra

A

Against or opposed

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11
Q

Retro

A

Posterior, behind

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12
Q

Intra

A

Within

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13
Q

Cortico

A

Cortex

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14
Q

Peri

A

Around, about

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15
Q

ISO

A

Same, normal

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16
Q

Myel

A

Marrow, spinal cord

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17
Q

Dys

A

Abnormal

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18
Q

Auto

A

Self

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19
Q

Allo

A

Another (human)

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20
Q

Trans

A

Across, through

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21
Q

Neur

A

Nerve

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22
Q

Hema

A

Blood

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23
Q

Lumb

A

Lumbar

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24
Q

Os

A

Bone

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25
Q

Thorac

A

Chest

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26
Q

Spondyl

A

Vertebra

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27
Q

Pneumon

A

Air, lungs

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28
Q

Derma

A

Skin

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29
Q

Chondr

A

Cartilage

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30
Q

Sacr

A

Sacrum

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31
Q

Arthr

A

Joint

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32
Q

Cerebr

A

Brain

33
Q

Listhesis

A

Displacement

34
Q

Oma

A

Tumor

35
Q

Otomy

A

Cutting into

36
Q

Plegia

A

Paralysis

37
Q

Desis

A

Fusion

38
Q

Itis

A

Inflammation

39
Q

Genic

A

Causing, origin

40
Q

Otome

A

Cutting instrument

41
Q

Opsy

A

Examination

42
Q

Ectomy

A

Removal, excision

43
Q

Osis

A

State of many

44
Q

Orrhaphy

A

Surgical repair

45
Q

What are two functions of the skeleton

A
  1. It is a reservoir for important inorganic elements including calcium and magnesium that is released or absorbed to maintain homeostasis
  2. It provides structural support
46
Q

Compare and describe cortical and cancellous bone

A

Cortical bone- dense outer shell (80% of our skeletal system is made of this)

Cancellous/ trabecular bone-spongy bone encased by the strong cortical bone. (20% of skeletal system)

47
Q

How does osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity generate bone?

A

New bone is generated when osteoblastic activity (bone creation) occurs, while osteoclastic activity (bone destruction) breaks down old bone. This reformation is in response to stressed applied on it (Wolff’s law)

48
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Contains the bones of the head that protect the CNS

49
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Comprised of the bones that make up the shoulder, upper extremities, pelvis, and lower extremities

50
Q

Epiphysis

A

A part of a long bone from which bone growth occurs (typically at the end of long bones and covered on cartilage).

51
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone.

52
Q

Metaphysis

A

The growing portion of the bone that is located between diaphysis and epiphysis.

53
Q

Osteoblast

A

Creates of builds bone

54
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Destroys bone

55
Q

Wolff’s law

A

Bone reformation occurs in response to the stressed that is placed on it. If you don’t use it you loose it.

56
Q

Primary curves

A

Kyphotic curves: thoracic and sacrum

57
Q

Secondary curves

A

Lordotic curves: cervical and lumbar

58
Q

List the seven bony processes that are found protruding from the vertebral arch

A

2- transverse processes
4- articulation processes: 2 superior and 2 inferior
1- spinous process

59
Q

How is a dermatome map used?

A

Doctors use it to diagnose the source of nerve pathologies.

60
Q

List the 4 parts of a synovial joint.

A
  1. Articular surface covered in hyaline cartilage
  2. Articular cavity
  3. Well- formed capsule with surrounding ligaments
  4. A synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid
61
Q

What is the function of the dorsal nerve root?

A

It provides sensory function

62
Q

What is the function of the ventral nerve root?

A

It provides motor function

63
Q

What are the two regions of the IVD?

A
  1. Anulus fibrosis- outer layer

2. Nucleus pulposus- inner layer

64
Q

What is the bio mechanical function of the IVD?

A

It acts as a biological shock absorber and pivot joint for motion

65
Q

List, In order from superficial to deep, the meninges of the spinal cord.

A
  1. Dura matter
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
66
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

67
Q

The intrasegmental ligament

A

Holds individual vertebrae together

68
Q

The inter segmental ligament

A

Holds many vertebrae together

69
Q

Ligamentum flavum

A

Connects the lamina of the vertebrae and protects neural elements. The strongest of the spinal ligaments, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal.

70
Q

Interspinous

A

Runs from the base of one spinous process to another

71
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Runs along the posterior portion or distal tips of the spinous processesy

72
Q

Spinal canal

A

Contains the spinal cord and it’s coverings, and is a channel created by the sum of the vertebral foramina

73
Q

Spinal cord

A

The inferior portion of the CNS, and is covered and protected by three concentric layers of meninges (membranes)

74
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes

75
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

It exits the sacrum (pelvic area) through the sciatic foramen, and serves the leg flexor muscles. It supplies motor and sensory function to the thigh, knee, calf, ankle, foot and toes.

76
Q

List the posterior, lateral and anterolatetal muscles of the back.

A
  1. Transversospinalis: rotation of the spine

2. Erector spinae: maintain the spine erect and provide spinal extension

77
Q

Three main types of vertebra

A
  1. Cervical: 7
  2. Thoracic- 12
  3. Lumbar -5
78
Q

Cauda equina

A

Nerve roots in spinal canal, inferior to L2

Resembles horses tail in the Dural sac

79
Q

Conus medillaris

A

Exists at the end of the spinal cord (typically at L1 L2)

Conical structure at the end of the spinal cord

Interventional Spine (5 decks)

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