Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2 > Phase 1 Neuro > Flashcards

Phase 1 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

5 vesicles of neural tube and what they become

A

From initial prosencephalon:
Telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres
Dienchephalon - thalamus

From initial mesencephalon -> midbrain

From initial rhomboencephalon

Metencephalon -> Pons and Cerebellum

Myelencephalon -> Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In neural tube, what is ventral and what is dorsal in terms of sensory and motor?

A

Ventral - basal plate: Motor

Doral - alar plate: Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The neural tube sometimes doesn’t close. What are the consequences cranially and caudally?

A

Cranially - anencephaly

Caudally - spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of spina bifida?

A

Oculta - Missing vertebral arch. no herniation of meninges/spinal chord. May have a patch of hair or dimple as only sign

Meningocoele - meninges (but not nerves), herniate.

Myelomeningocoele - spinal chord AND meninges herniate. Neurological signs present - e.g. paralysis below site/urinary/bowel incontinence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe initiation of development of nervous system in utero

A

Notochord signals

Ectoderm starts to fold at cervical region and folding continues both ways

If problems, raised maternal alpha foetoprotein + USS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Accumulation of CSF in brain because blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neural crest cells migration - disorders?

A

Hirschsprung’s Disease (Aganglionic megacolon). Constipation.

DiGeorge
Thyroid problems, Thymus hence immune problems, Cardiac problems, Cleft palate

“CATCH-22”

Cardiac abnormality (commonly interrupted aortic arch, truncus arteriosus and tetralogy of Fallot)
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Layers of brain meninges: Outer to inner. Start from outside and cover SCALP.

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

Skull
Periosteal dura mater (flush with bone)
Meningeal dura mater (flush with ^ except certain parts where dural venous sinuses are)

Arachnoid mater (flush with ^, potential space only).

Subarachnoid space (with CSF)

Pia mater (tender mother) - flush with the brain. Chemical barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

Internal Jugular Vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ventricular system. Go.

A

CSF produced in chorioid plexuses. Mostly lateral ventricles -> Third Ventricle (squashed b/w thalami) -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> Spinal canal.

Blockage anywhere causes proximal swelling. Hydrocephalus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Purposes of CSF

A

Fluid buffer
Glucose
Cushioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What pertinent anatomical landmark of the temporal lobe is important in ICP?

A

Uncus

Herniates and squashes breathy bits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Important nuclei in basal ganglia

A

Caudate (side of the lateral ventricle) and Lentiform (kind of triangular thing). Outer edge is the putamen, and inner is the globus pallidus.

Between the lentiform and thalamus is the internal capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

AMINO ACIDS

neurotransmitters

A

AMINO ACIDS

glutamate, GABA, glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

BIOGENIC AMINES

neurotransmitters

A

BIOGENIC AMINES

acetylcholine, noradrenalin dopamine, serotonin (5-HT), histamine,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters

A

dynorphin, enkephalins, substance P, somatostatin cholecystokinin neuropeptide Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

excitatory amino acids
– mainly glutamate
– majorexcitatoryneurotransmitter
• over 70% of all CNS synapses are glutamatergic • presentthroughouttheCNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inhibit neurotransmitters

A

• inhibitory amino acids – GABA

– Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why are NMDA receptors important for Long term potentiation

A

Glutamate receptors have an important role in learning and memory
– Activation of NMDA receptors (and mGluRs) can up-regulate AMPA receptors – Strong, high frequency stimulation causes long term potentiation (LTP)
– Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptors important for induction of LTP

20
Q

GABA

Glycine

Mostly where

A

GABA brain

Glycine brainstem/spinal chord

21
Q

alzheimers

A

Degeneration of cholinergic neurones in the nucleus basalis is associated with Alzheimer’s disease

22
Q

What are the dopamine pathways in the brain and what are they involved with?

A

Mesocortical (mood)

Mesolimbic (Schizophrenia when too much dopa here, Amphetamines also increase dopamine and cause similar effects)

Nigrostriatal - Movement. Too little dopamine here causes Parkinson’s. Extra-pyramidal SEs also here.

Tuberoinfundibular - lactation (increased on risperidone)

23
Q

Where, in the brain, is Noradrenaline made?

A

Locus ceruleus

Linked to wakefulness

Amphetamines increase NA (+Dopa), hence inc wakefulness

24
Q

Mickey mouse midbrain anatomy

A

Head ventral

Chin Dorsal

Eyes - red nuclei
Nose - oculomotor nuclei + edinger westphal

Ears - cerebral peduncles (motor connection from brain to below)

Eyebrows - Substantia nigra - dopaminergic neurons involved in motor co-ordination

Tears - medial lemiscus (imp. in spinothalamic tract) Afferent fibres (sensation)

Mouth - cerebral aqueduct
Strawberry around mouth - periaqueductal grey - micturition and pain regulation

Chin - superior calliculus - reflexes

25
Q

Why give Carbidopa with L-DOPA?

A

AbL-DOPA -> Dopamine by Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase (AACD)

Dopamine causes GI side effects such as Nausea and Anorexia

To prevent SE, inhibitor of AACD, Carbidopa given.

L-DOPA cross BBB, Carbidopa doesn’t, so once in brain environment AACD can convert it and dopamine can exert the intended therapeutic effect.

26
Q

What cranial nerve important in diplopia / abduction?

A

Abducens

Same side lesions - i.e. no decussation

27
Q

What cranial nerves sensitive to injury by raised ICP?

A

Abducens

Oculomotor

28
Q

Shingles, what cranial nerve can be affected?

A

Herpes zoster

Trigeminal

29
Q

bridging vein leak leads to what type of haemorrhage

A

sub dural

30
Q

crus cerebri other name

A

cerebral peduncle
mickey mouse’s ears
connects cerebral cortex to brainstem

31
Q

Which part of the brainstem lies at the level of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The midbrain sits in the ‘tentorial notch’ and can be compressed if the uncus of the temporal lobe herniates into the posterior fossa.

32
Q

Cushing’s Reflex

A

Cushing’s reflex, consisting of hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory irregularity, which is a feature of medullary compressio

33
Q

A tumour at the level of the interventricular foramen might lead to dilatation of which structures?

A

Lateral ventricles

The lateral ventricles drain to the interventricular foramen before entering the third ventricle.

34
Q

What are the 7 different modalities of sensation?

A 
Pain
Temp
Pressure
Stretch
Vibration
Joint position sense
2-point discrimination
35
Q

What leads to an action potential of sensation?

A

Mechanical manipulation of a receptor

Produces a generator potential

36
Q

What influences your perception of the strength of a stimulus?

A

FREQUENCY of action potentials

Analogue signal made into binary

37
Q

Why does conscious feeling of clothes go away after a while?

A

Adaptation of the pressure receptors - they are phasic I.e. Rapidly adapting.

These means that after a while they adjust and stop firing so frequently. They are sensitive to change - meaning removing the stimulus will also be felt.

38
Q

How is it possible that damage may occur at c6 level, but dermatome appears intact?

A

May have overlapping receptive field with c5 dermatome

This is why dermatomal boundaries are difficult to delineate

39
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

1st order neurone sends signal to its 2nd order, as well as an excitatory signal to an inhibitory neurone - which inhibits the 2nd order neurone of the adjacent 1st order neurone, stopping its signal from propagating.

40
Q

Summarise the dorsal column pathway

A

Pathway for light touch, 2-point discrimination, joint perception, vibration

Primary afferents enter at spinal level, cell body in DRG, and ascend to medulla, where they synapse with secondary. Second order neurone decussates and ascends along medial lemniscus of contralateral side, and synapses with 3o neurone at thalamus. From thalamus 3o relays signal to corresponding part on homunculus.

Lower limb afferents travel medially in fasciculus gracilis, whilst cervical and thoracic travel laterally in fasciculus cuneatus

41
Q

Summarise the spinothalamic tract

A

Primitive. Crude touch, temperature, pain

Primary afferent cell body in DRG, synapses with secondary in dorsal horn.

Secondary neurone decussates at same level and ascends in spinothalamic tract of opposite side (near ventral horn).

Synapses to 3o neurone at thalamus, which then conveys to appropriate region of cerebral cortex according to homunculus.

Lower limb represented lateral to thoracic and cervical.

42
Q

Why does rubbing make pain better?

A

C fibres carry pain
A fibres transmit mechanical pressure

A fibre synapses with enkephalinergic interneurones at the dorsal horn, which inhibits the 2o neurone of the c fibre, terminating its signal.

43
Q

Briefly describe the descending control of pain

A

Periaqueductal grey (receiving input from hippocampus and cerebral cortex), sends signal to nucleus Raphe magnus which activates enkephalinergic neurones that inhibit the 2o neurones (which receive input from c fibres).

44
Q

Funiculi are….

A

Subdivisions of spinal chord

Dorsal - have dorsal columns, sensory
Ventral - cortcospinal , motor

Lateral - has spinothalamic tract, sensory

45
Q

What inputs make up your balance?

A

Vision
Proprioception
Vestibular system

Two needed to stay balanced

46
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

Ruffini endings

Meissner corpuscles

A

Pc Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor
Vibration

Ruf shearing stress

Meissner corpuscles rapidly adapting delicate touch like reading braille

47
Q

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia can be caused by damage to which pathway?

A

The Medial longitudinal fasciculus helps to yoke eye movements together (and integrate input from the vestibular system

Phase 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions