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Wars Of the Roses > Phase 1 (1445-61) > Flashcards

Phase 1 (1445-61) Flashcards

1
Q

Long term causes:

Edward III

A

huge family with many sons

eldest son didn’t succeed as he died - his son took over.

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2
Q

Long term causes:

Henry IV

A

usurped Richard II which set a dangerous precedent

faced constant rebellion as well as long term illness

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3
Q

Short term causes:

Henry VI

A

he was weak

huge debt

over-mighty nobility / favourites

lawlessness and disorder

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4
Q

When did Henry reach the age of majority?

A

1437

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5
Q

What did John Cosgrove report in 1446?

A

naval and coastal security were neglected, labelling Henry as indecisive and slow to react

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6
Q

Who did Henry leave military affairs to?

A

his uncles Bedford and Gloucester

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7
Q

When was Henry crowned King of France?

A

1431

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8
Q

What was the Treaty of Tours?

A

1444

Made fragile peace with France

marriage to Margaret of Anjou.

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9
Q

What was wrong with Henry’s marriage?

A

it was unpopular

20,000 francs dowry didn’t arrive

Henry gave away Maine and Anjou

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10
Q

What land was lost in France and when?

A

1450 Normandy was lost

1451 Gascony was lost

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11
Q

How much was the royal debt by 1450?

A

£370,000

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12
Q

How much of the royal debt was owed to Richard alone?

A

£38,000

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13
Q

How much had crown income fallen?

A

£120,000 in the early 15th C to £45,000

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14
Q

Why was there a loss in income?

A

trade depression

inflation and rent arrears

increase spending on war

increase in loans, at interest, to Italian bankers and merchants

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15
Q

By what year was the Lancastrian dynasty bankrupt?

A

1455

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16
Q

Who were the Evil Councillors and why?

A

Somerset, Suffolk and Cardinal Henry Beaufort

because they gained the most patronage

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17
Q

When did Henry reach majority and why was it bad?>

A

1437

meant he came under the influence of Evil Councillors

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18
Q

How was Henry’s uncle, Gloucester, brought down?

A

1447

Cardinal Beaufort accused his wife of witchcraft

Gloucester died of suspicious circumstances

19
Q

How much did Henry borrow from Beaufort and why was it bad?

A

£200,000

Henry didn’t realise it made him beholden

20
Q

What did Margaret do to William de la Pole which made them both more unfavourable?

A

1448

Margaret made him Duke of Suffolk as a reward for setting up the marriage.

Dukedom’s were for royal blood only, of which de la Pole wasn’t.

21
Q

What was York labelled when Henry didn’t have an heir?

A

Heir presumptive

22
Q

When did York serve as military commander in France?

A

1436-7

1440-5

23
Q

What happened when York was replaced by Somerset as Captain of Calais?

A

demanded some of his £38,000 he was owed or military service

York was sent to Ireland

24
Q

Why was being sent to Ireland such an insult to York?

A

he was clearly an able military commander.

the Irish resisted English influence leaving the country a mess.

It was a waste of York’s talents

25
Q

When did Henry ask Parliament for money for France and what happened?

A

Feb and Nov 1449

only half the money granted and Somerset and Suffolk blamed for losses in France

26
Q

What happened to Suffolk when Henry asked Parliament again for money?

A

Parliament charged Suffolk with treason

Henry banished him for five years to try and save him

ship was intercepted by Nicholas of the Tower

summary execution

Common said they would only provide the money if an Act of Resumption was passed.

27
Q

What was Cade’s rebellion?

A

1450

peasants from Kent pleading for government to be changed.

  1. removal of corrupt officials in Kent
  2. restore law and order
  3. removal of “evil councillors”
  4. York, Buckingham and Exeter to the King’s council.

Managed to take London and captured Lord Treasurer and executed Lord Saye.

28
Q

What was York’s role in Cade’s rebellion?

A

No evidence that he was involved.

Left Ireland September 1450 for Parliament and gave two bills of complaint

  1. personal grievances about his position as heir, debts and exclusion.
  2. General grievances echoing Cade’s
29
Q

What did York do to get Henry to meet his demands (following Cade’s rebellion)?

A

used his 3,000 armed retainers to persuade him.

York was appointed to the Council, Act of Resumption passed and promise to restore law and order.

30
Q

Who was Thomas Yonge?

A

MP

proposed bill to recognise York as heir, but he was put in the Tower.

Not executed which shows Henry’s weakness.

31
Q

What happened to Somerset after Cade’s rebellion?

A

he was made Captain of Calais

32
Q

What was the Dartford Uprising?

A

York had tried to impeach Somerset but failed.

Feb 1452 York’s army met the King’s

Most nobles stayed loyal to the King and so York submitted.

Public apology at St Paul’s and an oath to stay loyal.

Margaret announced she was pregnant.

33
Q

When was Henry’s first mental breaksdown and what happend?

A

August 1453 after he heard of losses in France

Margaret and Somerset tried to sideline York

Nobility wanted York to take control

Margaret put Somerset in the Tower

Neville family favoured York because the Percy’s were with Margaret.

34
Q

When was York named Protector and what did he do?

A

March 1454 - lasted one year

reduced royal expenditure and size of household.

restored law and order

failed to put Somerset on trial

35
Q

When was Prince Edward born?

A

October 1453

couldn’t be recognised until Henry recovered.

36
Q

When did Henry recover from his first breakdown and what happend?

A

December 1454

Margaret got control back and tried to destroy York.

Henry declared York main royal adviser but Margaret persuaded him to exclude York.

Somerset was released

York fled North to raise an army with the Nevilles.

37
Q

What were York’s aims by the end of 1454?

A

get rid of Somerset

sideline Margaret

control Henry

Not after the crown

To be chief Councillor

38
Q

What was the build up to the first battle of St Albans?

A

Somerset and Margaret convinced Henry York was a traitor

Summoned York to Leicester who arrived with 3,000 men.

Henry only had 2,000 so he was forced to negotiate, however battle ensued.

39
Q

What was the first Battle of St Albans?

A

22nd May 1455

Only a skirmish, with 60 - 70 killed including Somerset and Henry Percy. King Henry was hit by an arrow.

40
Q

What happened after the first Battle of St Albans?

A

York didn’t have enough support so he had to compromise.

He was appointed to the Council as Henry’s Chief Adviser

Warwick was made Captain of Calais

41
Q

When was the second time Henry broke into insanity?

A

After first Battle of St Albans

York served as protector from Nov 1455 to Feb 1456

42
Q

When/what was the Loveday?

A

March 1458 - Henry attempted reconciliation

Its a ritual where enemies march together to St Paul’s to heal divisions.

Bloody conflict broke out. York was in Ireland and Margaret and Warwick fell out. She tried to arrest him for piracy and riot but failed.

43
Q

What were the Battle of Blore Heath and Ludford?

A

Margaret and Buckingham had raised an army

Wars Of the Roses (2 decks)

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