Pharynx & Larynx Flashcards
Cartilaginous elevation created by and arching superior to the auditory tube
Torus tubarius
Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the torus tubarius
Tubal tonsil
Vertical mucosal fold extending inferiorly from the auditory tube
Salpingo-pharyngeal fold/arch
What muscles open the auditory tube during swallowing
salpingo-pharyngeus
muscle
levator and tensor veli palatini
Contains the levator veli palatini muscle
Levator cushion
Slit-like lateral projection of the pharynx posterior to the torus and salpingopharyngeal fold
Pharyngeal recess
Commonly called the adenoid when enlarged
Lymphoid tissue in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
The ______ tonsils are collections of lymphoid tissue on each side of the oropharynx in the interval between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
palatine
The posterior tongue is attached to the epiglottis via
1 ______ glosso-epiglottic fold and 2 ______ glosso-epiglottic fold
median ; lateral
2 depressions called _______ lie between median & lateral glossoepiglottic folds
valleculae
The laryngopharynx communicates with the larynx
through the _________ on its anterior wall
laryngeal inlet
Posteriorly, the laryngopharynx is related to the bodies of the ______ vertebrae
C4–C6
The _____ fossa (recess) is a small depression of the laryngopharyngeal cavity on either side of the laryngeal
inlet. This mucosa-lined fossa is separated from the laryngeal inlet by the ary-epiglottic fold
piriform
The external circular layer of pharyngeal muscles consists of three pharyngeal constrictors: ______, _______, and _____
All of these muscles attach in midline to the __________
superior ; middle ; inferior
pharyngeal raphe
The _____________ consists of
palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus,
and salpingopharyngeus
internal longitudinal muscles
What muscles elevate the larynx and shorten the pharynx during swallowing and speaking
internal longitudinal muscles = palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
The pharyngeal constrictors contract ___________ so
that contraction takes place sequentially from the
superior to the inferior end of the _________, propelling
food into the ___________
involuntarily
pharynx
esophagus
____________ is a pouch that develops in the hypopharynx
Zenker’s diverticulum
Zenker’s diverticulum is a
pouch that develops in the
hypopharynx, between
__________ muscle and
__________ muscle
cricopharyngeus ; inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Extends from soft palate to blend with the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Palatopharyngeus
Extends from the styloid process to insert between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors
Stylopharyngeus
Extends from the auditory tube to blend with the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Salpingopharyngeus
_________ is formed by lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx, oropharynx and oral cavity
Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils
Waldeyer’s ring of tonsils is formed by
Pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
The upper part of the pharynx is supplied by the
ascending pharyngeal artery
the lower part of the pharynx receives blood supply from _______ artery and _________ artery
inferior thyroid and superior thyroid
The rest of the pharynx receives
blood from the __________
and _________ of the facial artery
ascending palatine and tonsillar branches
The pharyngeal plexus of nerves that is
formed by what motor branches?
pharyngeal branches of the vagus (motor)
The pharyngeal plexus of nerves that is
formed by sensory branches?
glossopharyngeal nerves (sensory)
The pharyngeal plexus of nerves that is
formed by what else?
sympathetic branches from the superior cervical ganglion
Most pharyngeal muscles receive motor innervation from the _____
pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)
Sensory innervation of the pharynx follows the regional divisions, with the
Nasopharynx supplied by
CN V2
Sensory innervation of the pharynx follows the regional divisions, with the
Oropharynx supplied by CN ____ (gag/swallow reflexes)
IX
Sensory innervation of the pharynx follows the regional divisions, with the
Laryngopharynx supplied by CN ___ (internal laryngeal nerve)
X
What is this?
The stimulus is provided by sensation to the posterior pharyngeal wall, the tonsillar pillars, or the base of the tongue
Gag reflex
The gag reflex sensations are carried out by CN _____ which acts as the ____ limb of the reflex
IX ; sensory
The motor limb of the gag reflex is carried by the pharyngeal branch of CN _____ to pharyngeal musculature and results in the bilateral contraction of the posterior pharyngeal muscles
X
What are the 3 stages of swallowing
stage 1: voluntary
stage 2: involuntary and rapid
stage 3: involuntary
What stage of swallowing is this: the bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth into the oropharynx, mainly by movements of the muscles of the tongue and soft palate
stage 1
what stage of swallowing is this:
the soft palate is elevated, sealing off the
nasopharynx from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus of food as the suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating the larynx
stage 2
what stage of swallowing is this:
sequential contraction of all three pharyngeal constrictor muscles creates a peristaltic ridge that forces the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus
stage 3
The epiglottis (E) is attached to the
deep side of the thyroid cartilage, is
situated posterior to the tongue and
hyoid and anterior to the _______
laryngeal inlet
Two membranes help to enclose the vocal cords within the larynx: _______ and _______
quadrangular ; conus elasticus
The quadrangular membrane is a thin sheet of connective tissue that extends between the _______ and _______
arytenoid ; epiglottic cartilages
Its free inferior margin forms the vestibular ligament, which is covered by mucosa to form the _________ (false vocal fold)
vestibular fold
The conus elasticus close the tracheal inlet except for the _________ (opening between the vocal folds)
central rima glottidis
The ______ (the vocal apparatus of the larynx) makes up the vocal folds and processes, together with the _______, the aperture between the vocal folds
glottis ; rima glottidis
The vocal folds also serve as the
__________ of the larynx when they are tightly closed
main inspiratory sphincter
Complete _______ of the folds
forms an effective sphincter that
prevents entry of air
adduction
The laryngeal cavity includes the:
laryngeal vestibule
laryngeal ventricle
rima glottidis
infraglottic cavity
between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
Laryngeal vestibule
recesses extending laterally from the middle part of the laryngeal cavity between vestibular and vocal folds
recesses extending laterally from the middle part of the laryngeal cavity between vestibular and vocal folds
space between the true vocal folds
Rima glottidis
the inferior cavity of the larynx between the vocal folds and the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the lumen of the trachea
Infraglottic cavity
A foreign object may accidentally aspirate through the ______ inlet into the vestibule of the larynx, where it becomes trapped ______ to the vestibular folds
laryngeal ; superior
Extrinsic laryngeal muscles move the larynx as a
whole
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles move the ___________, altering the length and tension of the vocal folds and the size and shape of the __________
laryngeal components ; rima glottidis
Adductors and abductors: Move the vocal folds to close and open the
rima glottidis
Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles rotate
the arytenoid cartilages so that their vocal processes swing _____ (adduct)
medially
Transverse and oblique arytenoid
muscles pull the arytenoid cartilages
______ (adduct)
together
The principal tensors are the _________ which tilt or pull the thyroid cartilage anteriorly, increasing the distance between the thyroid and the arytenoid cartilages. This elongates and tightens the vocal ligaments, raising the pitch
of the voice
cricothyroid muscles
Relaxers = _________ pull the arytenoid cartilages anteriorly, toward the
thyroid, thereby relaxing the vocal ligaments to lower the pitch of the voice
Thyro-arytenoid muscles
The ______ muscles lie lateral to the vocal ligaments within the vocal folds. The vocalis muscles produce minute adjustments of the vocal ligaments
vocalis
Branches of the superior and inferior thyroid arteries supply the larynx - what are they?
Superior laryngeal artery
Inferior laryngeal artery
The laryngeal lymphatic vessels superior to the vocal folds accompany the superior laryngeal artery through the thyrohyoid membrane and drain into the _____________
superior deep cervical lymph nodes
The lymphatic vessels inferior to the
vocal folds drain into the __________ or ________ lymph nodes, which drain into
the ___________ lymph
nodes
pretracheal ; paratracheal ; inferior deep cervical
The nerves of the larynx are the superior and inferior laryngeal branches of CN _____
X
The superior laryngeal nerve arises in the carotid triangle and divides into:
the ___________ nerve (sensory) and the
__________ nerve (motor)
internal laryngeal ; external laryngeal
The internal laryngeal nerve pierces the
thyrohyoid membrane supplying sensation to _____ above true vocal folds
larynx
The _________ nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle
external laryngeal
Paralysis of the superior laryngeal
nerve causes anesthesia of the
____________ mucosa
superior laryngeal
Injury to the external branch of the
superior laryngeal nerve results in a
voice that is monotonous in character
because the paralyzed cricothyroid
muscle supplied by it is unable to vary
the length and tension of the vocal fold
Because the inferior laryngeal nerve supplies all the intrinsic muscles
except the cricothyroid, the ________ nerve is the primary motor nerve of the larynx
inferior laryngeal
Because the inferior laryngeal nerve
innervates the muscles moving the
vocal fold, paralysis of the vocal
fold results when injury to_________ nerve occurs
inferior laryngeal
Unilateral paralysis results in hoarseness because the paralyzed vocal fold cannot _________ to meet the normal vocal fold
adduct
