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Anatomy S > Pharynx > Flashcards

Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

The pharynx is

A

a muscular tube that connects the oral and nasal cavity to the larynx and oesophagus.

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2
Q

Where does it begin

A

It begins at the base of the skull, and ends at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6). The pharynx is comprised of three parts (superior to inferior):

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3
Q

The pharynx is comprised of three parts (superior to inferior):

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx.

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4
Q

The nasopharynx is found between

A

the base of the skull and the soft palate. It is continuous with the nasal cavity,

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5
Q

What does the nasopharynx do

A

performs a respiratory function by conditioning inspired air and propagating it into the larynx.

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6
Q

What is the nasopharynx lines with

A

This part of the pharynx is lined with respiratory epithelium; ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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7
Q

What is respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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8
Q

The posterosuperior nasopharynx contains the

A

which enlarge between 3-8 years of age and then regress.

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9
Q

The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx, located between

A

the soft palate and the superior border of the epiglottis.

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10
Q

What structures does oropharynx include

A
  • Posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
  • Lingual tonsils – lymphoid tissue at the base of the tongue.
  • Palatine tonsils – lymphoid tissue located in the tonsillar fossa (between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches of the oral cavity).
  • Superior constrictor muscle
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11
Q

Waldeyer’s ring is

A

the ring of lymphoid tissue in the naso- and oropharynx formed by the paired palatine tonsils, the adenoid tonsils and lingual tonsil.

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12
Q

The oropharynx is involved in the voluntary and involuntary phases of

A

swallowing.

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13
Q

The most distal part of the pharynx, the laryngopharynx is located between

A

the superior border of the epiglottis and inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6). It is continuous inferiorly with the oesophagus.

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14
Q

The laryngopharnyx It is found posterior to the larynx and communicates with it via

A

the laryngeal inlet, lateral to which one can find the piriform fossae.

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15
Q

The laryngopharynx contains the

A

middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

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16
Q

The inferior pharyngeal constrictor is split into two parts

A

the thyropharyngeus and the cricopharyngeus.

This area between the two is a weak area in the mucosa

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17
Q

Normally during swallowing, the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus work how

A

the thyropharyngeus contracts as the cricopharyngeus relaxes, allowing the bolus of food to be propelled into the oesophagus and preventing the intrapharyngeal pressure from rising.

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18
Q

If this coordinated relaxation of the cricopharyngeus does not occur what happens

A

the intrapharyngeal pressure tends to rise and pharyngeal mucosa forms a midline diverticulum in the area between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus. It is possible for food to accumulate here, leading to dysphagia.

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19
Q

There are two main groups of pharyngeal muscles

A

There are two main groups of pharyngeal muscles

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20
Q

The muscles of the pharynx are mostly innervated by the

A

vagus nerve – the only exception being the stylopharyngeus (glossopharyngeal nerve).

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21
Q

There are three circular pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

the superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors. They are stacked like glasses, which form an incomplete muscular circle as they attach anteriorly to structures in the neck.

22
Q

The circular muscles contract sequentially from superior to inferior to constrict the lumen and

A

propel the bolus of food inferiorly into the oesophagus.

23
Q

Superior pharyngeal constrictor – the uppermost pharyngeal constrictor. It is located in the oropharynx.
Where does it originate and insert

A

Originates from the pterygomandibular ligament, alveolar process of mandible and medial pterygoid plate and pterygoid hamulus of the sphenoid bone.

Inserts posteriorly into to the pharyngeal tubercle of the occiput and the median pharyngeal raphe.

24
Q

Middle pharyngeal constrictor – located in the laryngopharynx.
Where does it originate and insert

A

Originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the horns of the hyoid bone.
Inserts posteriorly into the pharyngeal raphe.

25
Q

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor – located in the laryngopharynx. It has two components:

A

Superior component (thyropharyngeus) has oblique fibres that attach to the thyroid cartilage.

Inferior component (cricopharyngeus) has horizontal fibres that attach to the cricoid cartilage.

26
Q

All pharyngeal constrictors are innervated by the

A

vagus nerve (CN X).

27
Q

The longitudinal muscles are the

A

stylopharyngeus,
palatopharyngeus and
salpingopharyngeus.

28
Q

What do the longitudinal muscles do

A

They act to shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during swallowing.

29
Q

Stylopharyngeus – arises from where and inserts where

A

the styloid process of the temporal bone, inserts into the pharynx.

30
Q

What innervates the Stylopharyngeus

A

Unlike the other pharyngeal muscles, it is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

31
Q

Palatopharyngeus – arises from and inserts in the

A

hard palate of the oral cavity, inserts into the pharynx

32
Q

What is the Palatopharyngeus innervated by

A

Innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).

33
Q

Salpingopharyngeus – arises from and inserts where

A

arises from the Eustachian tube, inserts into the pharynx.

34
Q

What is the Salpingopharyngeus innervated by

A

Innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).

35
Q

What does the also Salpingopharyngeus do

A

In addition to contributing to swallowing, it also opens the Eustachian tube to equalise the pressure in the middle ear.

36
Q

Motor and sensory innervation of the majority of the pharynx (except nasopharynx) is achieved by the

A

pharyngeal plexus.

37
Q

The pharyngeal plexus, which mainly overlies the middle pharyngeal constrictor, is formed by: (4)

A

Pharyngeal branches from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).
Branches from the external laryngeal nerve.
Sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion.

38
Q

Sensory innervation of the Nasopharynx

A

Maxillary nerve (CN V2)

39
Q

Sensory innervation of the oropharynx

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

40
Q

Sensory innervation of the Laryngopharnx

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

41
Q

All the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the What

EXCEPT FOR

A

vagus nerve (CN X), except for the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).

42
Q

Arterial supply to the pharynx is via branches of the

A

external carotid artery:

43
Q

The branches of the external carotid artery which arteriole supply the pharynx (3)

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery
Branches of the facial artery
Branches of the lingual and maxillary arteries.

44
Q

Venous drainage is achieved by the

A

pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.

45
Q

What forms the ganglia on the sympathetic chains and vagus nerve?

A

A collection of neuron cell bodies

46
Q

What is the name of the fused first thoracic and lower cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A

The stellate gangion

47
Q

What structures are supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Sensation to the inside of the larynx down to the vocal cords and the cricothyroid muscle.

48
Q

Which special sensation is carried in the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Sensation to the inside of the larynx down to the vocal cords and the cricothyroid muscle.

49
Q

What is the location of the carotid sinus and what sensation does it detect?

A

What is the location of the carotid sinus and what sensation does it detect?

50
Q

Which structures lie immediately behind the pharyngeal wall?

A

A thin layer of loose areolar tissue and then the cervical vertebral bodies.

51
Q

Which parts of the pharynx lie below the lower border of the mandible?

A

The hypopharynx.

Anatomy S (14 decks)

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