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Ortho/Pedo > Pharyngeal Arches > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 initially identical structures of a pharyngeal arch

A
  • nerve, cartilage and artery
  • Pharyngeal pouch
  • Pharyngeal cleft
  • mesenchymal core
  • Pharyngeal membrane
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2
Q

A Pharyngeal membrane is what?

A

bilaminar

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3
Q

The entire apparatus consists of what 4 things?

A

paired pharyngeal arches, pharyngeal pouches, pharyngeal clefts (or grooves), and pharyngeal membranes

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4
Q

Each pharyngeal arch consists of a core of what two things?

A

somatic mesoderm and neural crest mesenchyme

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5
Q

Somatic mesoderm contributes to which two things?

A

the arch artery (i.e. aortic arches 1-6) as well as skeletal muscle tissue in each arch

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6
Q

Neural crest mesenchyme typically develops into what?

A

bone, nervous, cartilage, and/or connective tissue in each arch.

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7
Q

The inside of the pharyngeal apparatus is lined by what?

A

endoderm that forms in-foldings or pouches between the arches

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8
Q

Since there are 5 arches, how many pouches are there?

A

4

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9
Q

The outside of the pharyngeal apparatus is covered by what?

A

ectoderm that forms outer pharyngeal clefts

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10
Q

The first pharyngeal arch divides into what two things?

A

a maxillary process and a mandibular process

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11
Q

The maxillary cartilage (palatopterygoquadrate) and mandibular cartilage (meckel’s), originate from what?

A

neural crest cells

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12
Q

The maxillary cartilage forms what?

A

the incus of the middle ear and a small bone located in the orbital wall called the alisphenoid

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13
Q

The mandibular cartilage forms what?

A

the malleus of the middle ear

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14
Q

The first pharyngeal arch is associated with which aortic arch?

A

First

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15
Q

The aortic arches are also know as what?

A

pharyngeal arch arteries

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16
Q

The Somatic mesoderm of the first pharyngeal arch gives rise to what?

A

the terminal branch of the maxillary artery

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17
Q

The somatic mesoderm of the first pharyngeal arch gives rise to what muscles?

A

the muscles of mastication

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18
Q

First pharyngeal membrane develops into the:

A

tympanic membrane

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19
Q

Neural crest mesenchyme from the first pharyngeal arch forms:

A

The Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic and squamous portion of the temporal bone

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20
Q

The maxillary and mandibular processes of the first arch are innervated respectively, by the maxillary and mandibular branches of what?

A

trigeminal nerve #5

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21
Q

The trigeminal nerve #5 originates from what?

A

neural plate/neural crest cells

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22
Q

The second arch cartilage is called what?

A

Reichert’s

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23
Q

The second arch cartilage gives rise to what 5 things?

A 
The stapes of the middle ear 
The styloid process of the temporal bone
The fibrous styloid hyoid ligament 
The lesser horns of the hyoid bone 
The upper rim of the body of the hyoid bone
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24
Q

The second pharyngeal arch gives rise to what artery?

A

stapedial artery

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25
Q

Second pharyngeal arch somatic mesoderm give rise to

A

muscles of facial expression

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26
Q

The second arch is innervated by what?

A

facial nerve #7

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27
Q

Where does facial never #7 originate?

A

the neural plate/neural crest cells

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28
Q

During the fourth and fifth weeks, the rapidly expanding second pharyngeal arch overgrows what?

A

clefts 2,3 and 4

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29
Q

The second pharyngeal arch fuses caudally with the cardiac eminence forming a what?

A

lateral cervical sinus

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30
Q

The lateral cervical sinus occasionally persists on one or both sides in the form of what? Located where?

A

cervical cyst, just anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

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31
Q

A completely enclosed cyst may expand to form what?

A

palpable lump

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32
Q

Occasionally, cyst communicates with the skin via what?

A

an external cervical fistula

33
Q

Occasionally, cyst communicates with the pharynx via what?

A

internal cervical fistula

34
Q

internal cervical fistula most commonly open into what?

A

the palatine tonsil.

35
Q

In the third pharyngeal arch, Somatic mesoderm gives rise to the what?

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

36
Q

Aortic arch 3 contributes to which two things?

A

common carotid artery

The proximal segment of the internal carotid artery

37
Q

The third arch is innervated by the:

A

glossopharyngeal nerve #9

38
Q

What gives rise to the Laryngeal cartilages?

A

The mesoderm lying on the sides of the pharyngeal arch, and the lateral plate mesoderm of the fourth and sixth arches,

39
Q

The fourth and sixth arches are innervated respectively by what?

A

superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve #10

40
Q

Fourth arch gives rise to:

A

the arch of the aorta, right subclavian artery and original pulmonary arteries.

41
Q

Fourth arch somatic mesoderm gives rise to:

A

constrictors of the pharynx, cricothyroid and the levator veli palatini muscles.

42
Q

Sixth arch gives rise to what?

A

the ductus arterious and the definitive pulmonary artieries.

43
Q

Sixth arch somatic mesoderm gives rise to:

A

the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

44
Q

First pharyngeal cleft develops into what?

A

the external auditory canal

45
Q

Defects in the development of the first pharyngeal cleft can result in what two things?

A

preauricular (i.e. in front of the pinna of the ear) cysts and/or fistulas

46
Q

Depending on its position, a first pharyngeal cleft cyst may threaten which nerve?

A

the facial nerve

47
Q

Pharyngeal clefts 2, 3, and 4 are overgrown by expansion of which arch? What usually happens to these clefts?

A

The 2nd pharyngeal arch; obliterated

48
Q

Where are cysts or fistulas (formed by defects in the development of the pharyngeal cleft) located?

A

anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

49
Q

First Pharyngeal Pouch develops into what two things?

A

the Eustacian tube and middle ear cavity

50
Q

Second Pharyngeal Pouch forms numerous infoldings that become what?

A

the crypts of the palatine tonsil.

51
Q

The dorsal portion of pouch 3 forms?

A

the inferior parathyroid glands

52
Q

The ventral portion of pouch 3 forms?

A

the thymus

53
Q

The beginning of the thyroid gland (the thyroid primordium) first appears as a small, solid mass of what?

A

endoderm proliferating at the apex of the foramen cecum on the developing tongue

54
Q

The thyroid primordium descends through the foramen cecum and through the tissues of the neck at the end of a slender:

A

thyroglossal duct

55
Q

(T/F) Development of the thyroid gland is derived from the pharyngeal pouches

A

False

56
Q

The Thyroid gland arises from what?

A

midline thyroid diverticulum that forms from the endoderm

57
Q

The endoderm cells in the floor of the pharynx just caudal to the 1st pharyngeal arch differentiate into what?

A

the follicular cells of the thyroid gland

58
Q

Neural crest cells of the ultimobranchial body migrate into the gland and give rise to what?

A

the parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid.

59
Q

The thyroid glands parafollicular cells (also called C cells), primary function is to secrete what?

A

calcitonin

60
Q

Anomalies in thyroid development can result in what?

A

ectopic thyroid tissue and/or cysts

61
Q

the thyroglossal duct is what type of structure?

A

Midline

62
Q

What are normal evidences of Creatinism or hypothroidism?

A

Deficient mental and physical development.
Short and wide face
Underdeveloped mandible
Overdeveloped maxilla
Large, thick and protruding tongue (Macroglossia)
Delayed eruption of primary and permanent teeth
Short and thickened long bones

63
Q

What are normal evidences of Graves disease or hyperthyroidism?

A 
Weight loss—despite increased appetite
Anxiety, restlessness, tremors, irritability, difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
Heat intolerance, sweating
Chest pain, palpitations
Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing
Muscle weakness
Goiter
Prominent, bulging eyes
64
Q

What are goiters?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

65
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) control?

A

calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood and bone.

66
Q

DiGeorge syndrome can cause what?

A

maller than normal parathyroid glands, which secrete too little parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to hypoparathyroidism.

67
Q

PTH acts on mainly which two organs?

A

the bone and the kidney

68
Q

What is bone made of?

A
  • Collagen
  • Calcium
  • Bone cells (Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes )
69
Q

PTH stimulates the 1-α hydroxylase activity in the kidney, resulting in an increase in what?

A

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D production

70
Q

PTH also increases the reabsorption of what? But has the opposite effect on?

A

Calcium, Phosphorous

71
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

high PTH

72
Q

Calcium has a (positive/negative) feedback effect on the parathyroid glands

A

Negative

73
Q

phosphorus has been shown to have what type of effect on the parathyroid glands?

A

a direct stimulatory

74
Q

DiGeorge syndrome often causes defects in which organ?

A

Heart

75
Q

What four abnormal structures are included in the tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

76
Q

DiGeorge syndrome causes dysfunction in which gland?

A

Thymus gland

77
Q

(T/F) Cleft palate and or cleft lip is a common condition of DiGeorge syndrome

A

True

78
Q

What are some particular facial features that may be present in people with DiGeorge syndrome?

A 
Small low-set ears
Wide-set eyes
Hooded eyes
Long face
Small mandible
Bowing up of the upper lip
79
Q

What are two other problems DiGeorge syndrome can contribute to?

A

Learning, behavioral and mental health problems.

Autoimmune disorders.

Ortho/Pedo (6 decks)

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