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Devo 2 > Pharyngeal Arches 1 > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arches 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When does the pharyngeal apparatus appear and disappear?

What does the pharyngeal apparatus consist of?

A

Wk 4 - end of Wk 6;

Pharyngeal: arches, membranes, pounches, grooves

(AMPG)

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2
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

What do they contribute to?

A

Transverse swellings of mesenchyme (differentiated from neural crest cells that migrated into the arches) derived from paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm.

They contribute to the face, nasal cavities, mouth, larynx, pharynx, neck

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3
Q

How are the pharyngeal arches separated from each other?

How many arches are there in mammals?

A

Pharyngeal grooves of ectoderm separate externally, Pharyngeal pouches of endoderm separate them internally;

There are 5 arches in mammals: 1,2,3,4,6

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4
Q

What is the stomodeum?

What is the oropharygneal membrane?

A

The surface ectoderm invaginates to form the stomodeum (primitive mouth) that will line the future site of the oral cavity.

The endoderm of the foregut extends to the stomodeum and lines the primordial pharynx and foregut.

Both endo/ectoderm meet to form a bilaminar membrane AKA oropharyngeal membrane which ruptures at 26 days.

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5
Q

What are the 3 ectodermal thickenings (aka placodes) and what sensory cranial nerves do they relate to?

A

Nasal placodes (olfactory): CN I

Lens placodes (eye): CN II
Otic placodes (ear): CN III
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6
Q

Name the:

  1. Nerve
  2. Muscle component
  3. cartilage component
  4. ligaments
  5. Pouch

of pharyngeal arch 1.

A

Arch 1 aka mandibular arch, remember “M”

  1. CN V
  2. muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, Ant belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
  3. Malleus and Incus
  4. Pharygotympanic tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum
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7
Q

Name the:

  1. Nerve
  2. Muscle component
  3. cartilage component
  4. ligaments
  5. Pouch

of pharyngeal arch 2

A

Arch 2, remember “S”

  1. CN VII
  2. Mm of facial exp, stapedius, stylohyoid, post belly of digastric
  3. Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn & upper body of hyoid
  4. stylohyoid ligament
  5. Tonsillar sinus/fossa, endoderm of pouch becomes tonsillar crypts

NOTE: In wk5, 2nd arch enlarges and overgrows 3rd/4th arches, forming an ectodermal depression aka cervical sinus

By end of wk7, 2nd-4th pharygneal grooves and the cervical sinuses have disappeared, giving the neck a smooth appearance

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8
Q

Name the:

  1. Nerve
  2. Muscle component
  3. cartilage component
  4. ligaments
  5. Pouch

of pharyngeal arch 3

A

Arch 3

  1. CN IX
  2. stylopharyngeus m.
  3. greater horn and lower body of hyoid
  4. –
  5. Dorsal 3rd:Inferior parathyroid gland, Ventral 3rd:thymus
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9
Q

Name the:

  1. Nerve
  2. Muscle component
  3. cartilage component
  4. ligaments
  5. Pouch

of pharyngeal arch 4

A

Arch 4

  1. CN X: Superior laryngeal branch
  2. cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, pharyngeal constrictors
  3. Fuse w/ arch 6 cartilages to form laryngeal cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
  4. –
  5. Dorsal part: Superior parathyroid gland, elongated ventral part: ultimopharyngeal body
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10
Q

Name the:

  1. Nerve
  2. Muscle component
  3. cartilage component
  4. ligaments
  5. Pouch

of pharyngeal arch

A

Arch 6

  1. CN X: recurrent laryngeal branch
  2. Intrinsic m. of larynx
  3. Fuse w/ arch 4 cartilages to form laryngeal cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
  4. –
  5. Ultimopharyngeal body
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11
Q

The ultimopharyngeal body fuses w/ the ___, where the cells disseminate into __ cells, aka __ cells, which produce __.

A

The ultimopharyngeal body fuses w/ the thyroid gland, where the cells disseminate into parafollicular cells, aka C cells, which produce Calcitonin.

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12
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the 6 aortic arches?

A

1st arch: Portions of maxillary & extrnal carotid a.’s

2nd: Stapedial a.
3rd: Common carotid and portions of internal carotid a.’s
4th: Aortic arch on LEFT, Proximal subclavian a. on RIGHT
5th: Never truly present in human
6th: Portions of right and left pulmonary a.’s, and ductus arteriosus on LEFT

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13
Q

What ae the fates of the pharyngeal grooves (aka clefts)?

What about the pharyngeal membranes?

A

1st clef persists as the external auditory meatus,

2nd,3rd,4th clefts from a cervical sinus which disappears!

The 1st membrane becomes the tympanic membrane, nothing else gives rise to adult structures.

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14
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of external pharyngeal/cervical sinus

A

Cause: Failure of 2nd pharyngeal groove and cervical sinus to obliterate.

Signs: Opens along ant border of SCM, discharge of mucus noted

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15
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of Internal pharyngeal sinus

A

Cause: Persistence of proximal part of 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Signs: Opens into tonsillar sinus/fossa, (rare)

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16
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of Pharyngeal fistula

A

Cause: Persistence of parts of 2nd pharyngeal pouch and 2nd pharyngeal groove OR failure of 2nd pharyngeal arch to grow caudally over 3rd/4th arches.

Signs: 2 openings: 1)neck 2)tonsillar sinus, by passing thru carotid sheath b/w in/external carotids

17
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of pharyngeal cyst

A

Cause: Persistence of 2nd pharyngeal groove or cervical sinus.

Signs: Painless swelling in neck, inferior to angle of mandible, (noticed late childhood/early adulthood)

18
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of First Arch syndrome: Treacher Collins

A

AKA mandibulofacial dysostosis

Cause: Insufficient migration of neural crest cells into 1st arch during 4th wk. Autosomal dominant.

Symptoms: Hypoplasia of zygomatic bones (malar hypopl.), mandibular hypoplasia, downslanting of palpebral fissures, defects of lower eyelids, deformed external ears

19
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of First Arch syndrome: Pierre Robin

A

Cause: Insufficient migration of neural crest cells, autosomal recessive

Symptoms: Hypoplasia of mandible, cleft palate (often bilateral), defects of eye and ear

20
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome

A

Cause: Failure of 3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches to develop, disruption of neural crest cell migration b/c of faulty signaling b/w ectoderm and neural crest, and deltion in chromosome 22.

Symptoms: Congenital hypoparathyroidism, increased susceptiblity to infections, anomalies of mouth (fish-mouth), nasal cleft, hypoplasia of thyroid

21
Q

Describe the cause and signs/symptoms of Goldenhar syndrome

A

AKA oculoauricularvertebral displasia

Cause: Failure of 1st 2nd pharyngeal arches to develop.

Symptoms: ear, nose, soft palate, lip, mandible are affected; typically unilateral

Devo 2 (5 decks)

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