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VT120 > Pharmocology Lecture > Flashcards

Pharmocology Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are drugs used for?

A

they are used to maintain health, reverse disease processes, relieve signs , prevents disease, alter the normal disease processes aids in diagnosis

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2
Q

What are some drug sources?

A

Biological, Mineral/Chemical (AKA synthetic) and genetically engineered

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3
Q

Biological Source of Drugs

A

Plants- alkaloids, glycosides, gums, resins/oil
Bacteria- antibiotics
Fungi- antiparasitic
Animals- insulin and heparin

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4
Q

Mineral Sources of Drugs

A

Electrolytes: sodium, potassium, and chloride
Minerals: iron, zin, magnesium, and selenium

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5
Q

Chemically Modified Sources of Drugs

A

Naturally occurring compound which is chemically altered to render it more effective or safer.
Example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th generation cephalosporins

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6
Q

Genetically Engineered Sources of Drugs

A

Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism
Example: Humulin and Epogen

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7
Q

Drug Names

A

Chemical Name: Chemical Structure, (+/-)-2 P-isobutylphenyl) proprionic acid
Generic Name: compounds can only have one generic name, (example ibuprofen)
Trade Names: companies may purchase trade names for compounds (example Motrin and advil)

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8
Q

Drug Names

A

Generic= diazepam
Trade: Valium
Generic: acetaminophen
Trade: tylenol
Generic: carprofen
Trade: rimadyl

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9
Q

Drug Formulary

A

Contains the “legend” dugs (drugs which are available only by prescription)
Information- drug names, drug actions, drug effects, drug side effects, drug contra-indications, drug dosages, how supplied

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10
Q

Drug Administration

A

Patient Factors- disease state, nutrition status, hydration status, temperament, generic factors and consciousness
Client Factors- ability, and duration of effects
Drug Factors- chemical nature and efficacy

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11
Q

Drug Formulations

A

Solids: Bolus, Pastes, Powder, Tablet, Capsule, Suppository
Liquids: Emulsion, Tincture, Syrup, Spray

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12
Q

Parenteral Medications

A

Subcutaneous (SQ)
Intramuscular (IM)
Intravenous (IV)

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13
Q

The Six Rights

A

Right patient, right does, right drug, right route, right time, right documentation ( drug orders will alway be documented in the patients medical record)

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14
Q

Right Time Interval

A

SID- once a day
BID- twice a day
QID- four times a day
Q1 HR- every 1 hr
QOD/EOD- every other day

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15
Q

Routes of Drug Administration

A

Oral
Suppository
Topical
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Intraosseous
Intraperitoneal

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16
Q

Topical: OD, OS, OU, AD, AS, AU

A

formulation designed for specific region
Skin
Ear: AU (both ears) AD (right ear) AS (left ear)
Eye: OU ( both eyes) OD (right eye) OS ( left eye)

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17
Q

Oral ( per os): PO

A

By mouth
Adv: safe and easy
Disadvantage: slowest route of absorption
Bioavailability of the drug: must have GI barrier

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18
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP)

A

Most common route in small mammals like mice and rats
Injection into the peritoneal cavity

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19
Q

Subcutaneous (SQ)

A

Advantage: fairly safe route, faster absorption than oral route and large volumes can be administered
Disadvantage: slower absorption than IV/I’m , low absorption in dehydrated patients and thick solutions may rotate the skin

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20
Q

Intramuscular

A

Injection into the muscle
Advantage: fairy rapid route, longer duration of action than IV , and can administer irritating substances deep into the muscles
Disadvantage: irritating, Inadvertent IV injection and nerve damage is possible

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21
Q

Intramuscular Sites

A

Dog and Cat: Lumbar (epaxial) Quadriceps, Hamstrings, Triceps
Horse: injection triangle, pectoral, hamstring and gluteals
Cow: injection triangle
Bird: pectoral muscle

22
Q

Intravenous

A

Advantage: most rapid route, offers a route for irritating or caustic drugs
Disadvantage: drug must be formulated for IV use
+/- short duration

23
Q

Intraosseous

A

Advantage: rapid absorption, easily accessible when there is no vascular access
Disadvantage: requires great skill, may be uncomfortable for the patient, potential for infection, must use specific bones for birds, and can’t inject myelotoxic substances

24
Q

Epidural

A

Administration around the spinal cord

25
Q

Syringes

A

plastic or glass
Many sizes
Syringe parts: tip, needle hub, barrel, flange, plunger

26
Q

Needles

A

Supplied in different diameter sizes or “ gauges”
Needles run from 27g( smallest) to 14g ( largest)
Needles should always be placed into the insertion sight bevel up

27
Q

Reading a Syringe

A

Make sure all air bubbles are absent
Read a the top of the plunger line
Scale has large numbered lines and small non-numbered lines

28
Q

Drug Safety

A

Toxcity: lethal dose/ therapeutic range: LD50
Effective range: ED50
Margin of safety= therapeutic index: LD50/ED50
Example for a euthanasia solution= ED50=LD50
Example= ED50=10mg, LD50=100/100/10=10
Therapeutic index=10

29
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

How drugs move in the body
They move through the body by absorption, biotransformation/metabolism and excretion

30
Q

Drug absorption

A

Plasma level of drug is what is measured
◦ Depended on route and chemical nature of the drug

31
Q

Bioavailability

A

A term used to describe the amount of administered drug which reaches the blood
High bioavai = almost completely absorbed
Low Bioavai = poorly absorbed
PO<SQ<IM<IV – slowest to fastest blood level absorption

Depends upon
◦ Absorption factors: (diffusion vs. active transport, surface area, blood supply, etc.
◦ pH and ionization
◦ Dosage form (PO, IV, IM, SQ, topical)
◦ Drug solubility (water vs. fat soluble)
◦ Drug interactions with other substances

32
Q

Drug Distribution

A

Transfer of absorbed drug to distant sites in the body
◦ Protein Binding
◦ Albumin & Globulin
◦ Tissue composition ◦ Blood Flow to area

33
Q

Absorption Barriers

A

Blood-Brain
◦ Tightest barrier
Blood-Mammary/Blood Milk barrier
Blood-Aqueous Blood-Placental

34
Q

Biotransformation

A

Metabolism: chemical alteration or breakdown of drugs
◦ Most takes place in the liver
◦ Affected by age, disease, Nutrional status, and species
◦ Usually makes drugs more water soluble

35
Q

Drug Excretion

A

Elimination of the drug from the body
◦ Renal (most important) ◦ Liver: fat soluble drugs
excreted in bile ◦ Respiratory ◦GI
◦ Skin
◦ Mammary Gland

36
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How drugs exert their action or effect ◦ Agonist
◦ Turns on a cell function or receptor ◦ Antagonist
◦ Turns off a cell function or receptor

37
Q

Regulatory Agencies

A

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) US Dept. of Food & Agriculture (USDA) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

38
Q

Food and Drug Administration

A

Enforces laws that assure safety, effectiveness and labeling of drugs
Regulates OTC, and “legend” drugs
◦ OTC: “over the counter” drugs which are available without a prescription
◦ Legend Drugs: Drugs which must be prescribed with a valid Doctor – Patient/Client/VET relationship
◦ Regular Rx drugs: patient must be seen within the last year

39
Q

FDA

A

Many drugs are not FDA approved for use in all species
Veterinarians are exempted from laws which prohibit “extra label use” of the drug (under guidelines of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act of 1994)

40
Q

USDA (AKA US. Dept. of Food and Agriculture)

A

Regulates substances manufactured from living agents
◦ Antibodies ◦Toxoids
◦ Vaccines

41
Q

Environmental Protection Agency

A

Regulates insecticides, disinfectants, chemical waste products, etc.

42
Q

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

A

Regulates the “Controlled Substances”
◦ Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
◦ Identifies compounds which have a known human abuse potential

43
Q

Controlled Substances

A

Are classified into one of five “schedules”
◦ Schedule I
◦ High abuse potential: illegal substances; no accepted medical use
◦ Schedule II
◦ High abuse potential: accepted medical use
◦ Schedule III
◦ Moderate abuse potential
◦ Schedule IV
◦ Low abuse potential
◦ Schedule V
◦ Low abuse potential
Must keep a controlled substances log, Must keep in a locked cabinet
Must have established client-patient relationship and an exam has to be up to date
Prescribing doctor must
◦ Have a valid state licensure
◦ Have a valid DEA license
◦ Have a valid Dr. - patient/client relationship
◦ File inventory log every 2 years
◦ File prescribed drug patient record every month (Schedule II CA)
◦ RVTS can hold a DEA license in CA for the purposes of ordering euthanasia agents while under the employ of a shelter or research facility

44
Q

Controlled Substacne Log

A

Must have for each substance ◦ Order number
◦ Supplier
◦ Amount received
◦ Date received
◦ Log must include name, date of birth, and address of patient who received the drug

45
Q

Disposal of Controlled Substances

A

Brokenvial: musthaveawitnesssignand date logbook
Discarded portions: must have a witness sign and date
Expireddrugs: shouldbedisposedusinga licensed reverse carrier

46
Q

Writing a Prescription

A

Review the 5 rights!
Carefully observe the animal for any adverse reaction
Question orders which are unclear, or possibly wrong
Accurately create labels and affix them to the container
Explain medication, route, effects and side effects to the client
Record in patient medical record Client counseling

47
Q

The Prescription Label

A

Hospital name, address and phone number Prescribing Doctor
Date prescribed
Patient & client name
Patient species
Instructions for use
Medication name & Strength: required on all dispensed drugs! Amount dispensed
Expiration date
Special Instructions (refrigerate, shake well, etc)
Number of refills

48
Q

Dispensing Medication

A

In California, all pharmaceuticals must be dispensed in childproof containers

49
Q

Weights and Measures

A

Apothecary system Metric System
◦ Grains, drams
Household system
◦ Ounces, pints, gallons
Kg to g, mL to ug

50
Q

Basic dosage Calculations

A

Dose: thecalculatedamounttogive Dosage: the amount of drug to give per unit
of body weight
Concentration: the amount of drug per unit of measure

51
Q

Common Administration Abbreviations

A

AD/AS/AU •OD/OS/OU. •IM/IV/SQ/IP/IN. •Inj.
•OTC
•AM (easy) PM (easy) •SID/BID/TIC/QID •D/C
•EOD
-cc. -ml -kg -L. -PRN. -NPO. -PO - qd/q1h/q2h, etc. -Rx. -Dx. -Tx. -Sx
- QOD.
- tab.
-cap -gtt

VT120 (6 decks)

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